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Techniques For Mitigating Urban Sprawl
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Strategy: Transportation-Efficient Land Use Planning and Development Strategies 
Policy Action: Rail-Based Transit-Oriented Development (TOD)
Definition:

Maryland DOT defines a TOD as a place of relatively higher density that includes a mixture of residential, employment, shopping, and civil uses and types located within an easy walk of a bus (“Bus-Based TOD”) or a rail transit center (“Rail-Based TOD”). Eight strategies that are fundamental to any smart growth planning for a TOD include: 1. maximizing ridership; 2. increasing property values; 3. increasing tax revenues; 4. providing retail opportunities; 5. offering an alternative to auto-dependent developments; 6. providing a stimulus for the revitalization of urban centers and existing neighborhoods; 7. providing choices; and 8. supporting environmental quality. The following categories of challenges and barriers of TOD implementation are: local planning, zoning and code issues; developer costs and risks; location and market issues; public perceptions and acceptance; and government, institutional and policy issues. Planned Unit Development (PUDs) have several similarities, being site specific master plans with a high design content, but PUDs have typically been individual projects that make few connections to transit. As an case of a TOD, Transit Station Area Development Incentive Program (Smart Growth Transit Program), run by the Maryland Department of Transportation in coordination with the Maryland Department of Planning and other departments, provides funds for services and amenities that stimulate private investment adjacent to major transit facilities. Case/Example: Transit Station Area Development Incentive Program and Transit Station Smart Growth Initiative (MD). Source/Reference: Maryland DOT, 2000, pp. 4-7; ARC, A.


Texas Applications

City of Dallas, Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART). Dallas has about 45 miles of rail system with a fleet of 115 vehicles and 35 stops operational in Dallas as of November 2004. The successful operation of DART light rail system resulted in about $3.3 billion of development around rail estimated as of 2005 with the local tax revenue from TOD estimated at $78,002,000 as of 2007. click here Examples of success include Mockingbird station (which established itself as Dallas’ first true transit village), Pearl Station, and St. Paul Station. As part of the city’s comprehensive plan for the future (the Forward Dallas plan), the city of Dallas plans to facilitate TOD pilot projects along with more stations. Richardson TOD – “The City of Richardson published a "Frequently Asked Questions" column in its Richardson Today newspaper explaining the concept of transit-oriented development and the impending opening of Richardson's four DART light rail stations.”

City of Austin – “On July 29, 2004 the Council approved a resolution directing staff to begin the process of developing Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) regulations. The Council resolution also established an Advisory Committee consisting of representatives from the Design, Planning, Urban Transportation and Zoning and Platting Commissions as well as private stakeholders.”


Reports and Studies

“Transit-oriented development (TOD) is compact, mixed use development near new or existing public transportation infrastructure that serves housing, transportation and neighborhood goals. Its pedestrian-oriented design encourages residents and workers to drive their cars less and ride mass transit more. Some TOD projects are a significant source of non-farebox revenue for the participating transit agency. This Resource Guide from APTA comprises a collection of internet-based documents that provide background resources and tools on TOD as well as examples of successful TOD in U.S. urban communities. click here

Dallas Dart Studies (To Be Abstract)
http://www.dart.org/about/dartoverviewapr07.pdf
http://www.unt.edu/cedr/dart.transitoperations.2007.pdf
http://www.unt.edu/cedr/dart.transitdevelopment.2007.pdf
http://www.unt.edu/cedr/dart.salestaxrevenues.pdf
http://www.unt.edu/cedr/dart2002.pdf
http://www.unt.edu/cedr/dart.pdf
http://www.dart.org/about/WeinsteinDARTDevelopment2005.pdf
http://www.cityofcarrollton.com/tod/


Johnston, R.A., Rodier, C.J., Abraham, J.E., Hunt J.D., and Tonkin, G.J. 2001. "Applying an Integrated Model to the Evaluation of Travel Demand Management Policies in the Sacramento Region." Mineta Transportation Institute, MTI Report 01-03, pp. 38-39


Loukaitou-Sideris, A., and Banerjee, T. 2000. "The Blue Line Blues: Why the Vision of Transit Village may not materialize despite Impressive Growth in Transit Ridership." Journal of Urban Design, Vol. 5, No. 2, p. 101


Cervero, R. and Seskin, S. 1995. "An Evaluation of the Relationships between Transit and Urban Form." Transit Cooperative Research Program Research Results Digest No. 7, Washington D.C. Transportation Research Board. June 1995


Cervero, R., Bernick, M., and Gilbert, J. 1994. "Market Opportunities and Barriers to Transit-Based Development in California." Working Paper 233. University of California Transportation Center, p. 18


Cervero, R., and Landis, J. 1993. "Assessing the Impacts of Urban Rail Transit on Local Real Estate Markets using Quasi-Experimental Comparisons." Transportation Research A, Vol. 27, p. 13


Beimborn, E., Rabinowitz, H., Gugliotta, P., Mrotek, C., and Yan.S. 1991. "The New Suburb: Guidelines for Transit-Sensitive Suburban Land Use Design." Center for Urban Transportation Studies and School of Architecture and Urban Planning, The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.


Links

http://www.dart.org/about/economicimpact.asp
http://www.dart.org/about/economicdevelopment.asp

http://www.fta.dot.gov/office/planning/lc/livable.pdf TOD can result in as much as 18% reduction in auto trips, 12% less total VMT in AM peak, and 18-28% reduction in travel time


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