Jobs-housing balance programs are crucial to effecting efficient urban development patterns as part of an urban containment strategy. Failure to improve jobs-housing balance will result in inefficient development patterns and fundamentally undermine the very purpose of growth management to direct development where it is appropriate and away from areas where it is inappropriate. In order to be effective, jobs-housing balance programs must emphasize not only a balance between work and housing, but more importantly, a balance between work and housing that workers can afford. Strategies used to achieve the desired balance include mixed-use requirements, affordable housing density bonuses, linkage programs, and public-private partnerships. ?Balanced jobs-housing? cities averaged 12 to 15% less work-trip VMT per employed residents that did ?job-surplus? cities (Cervero, 1996b). Case/Example: Sacramento County (CA), Costa Mesa (CA), Program of Southern California Association of Governments (CA), and Durham (OR). Source/Reference: Nelson and Duncan, 1995, pp. 84-85; U.S. EPA, 2001, pp. 64.