Jonathan Slocum, Interim Director :: PCL 5.112, 1 University Station S5490 :: Austin, TX 78712 :: 512-471-4566
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Template Definition File
Jonathan Slocum
# Template Definition File. A '#' character introduces a comment,
# and lines beginning with '#' are UTTERLY IGNORED. Otherwise...
#
# EVERY empty line introduces a NEW SECTION, and the sections
# are explicitly ordered herein: 1. language groups...tongues;
# 2. semantic fields; 3. information sources; 4. grammatical
# features; 5. simple records; 6. "tuple" record sub-fields;
# 7. "tuple" record types; 8-10. letter-changing combinations;
# 11. overstrike diacritic codes; 12. stand-alone character codes;
# 13. HTML "surround" flags; 14. polytonic Greek characters.
#
# To create vertical whitespace, use "empty comment" lines as above;
# other empty lines (i.e., lines containing only whitespace) signal
# section "increments," and extraneous blank lines are probably NOT
# something you want to have herein!
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# **** Section 1 ****
# This section defines and groups the tongue abbreviations (possible t values)
# into language families (possible f values) used in "tuple" records defined
# later. Periods (.) in the 3rd column are insignificant -- and are discarded.
# ISO 2- or 3-letter codes in the 4th column are assigned to individual tongues,
# and in the 3rd column to families as defaults for uncoded tongues therein; but
# any 3-letter codes beginning with a Capital letter (from LinguistList/SIL)
# have uncertain status w.r.t. international standards.
#
# The GERMANIC languages are ORDERED to control their selection for a Semantic
# Fields page. NOTE: The terms 'GERMANIC' in the 1st column, 'Hellenic' in the
# 2nd column, and 'English' in the 2nd & 5th columns, are FROZEN -- they may
# not be changed unless the Perl script IETemplate.pl is changed as well!
#
#GROUP Family Abbr. ISO Language # Comments
#----- ------ ----- --- ------------- --------------------------------
BALTO-SLAVIC # BlSl. all Satem
Baltic bat # attested from the 14th century (Old Prussian words/phrases), but many archaic features are attributed to PIE
# PBalt. ?? Proto-Baltic
# WBalt. ?? West Baltic # WEST...
Galin. xgl Galindan # very similar to OPrus; northern Poland and Russia until 14th century AD
Nadr. ndf Nadruvian # unclassified; once spoken in Lithuania & Kaliningrad region of Russia
Skal. svx Skalvian # (ditto Nadruvian)
Sudo. xsv Sudovian # Lithuania, Poland, Byelorus; to 16th century AD
OPrus. prg Old Prussian # (also abbr. OPr.) a.k.a. Prussian
# EBalt. ?? East Baltic # EAST...
Curo. xcu Curonian # spoken on Latvian/Lithuanian coast until 17th century AD
Sel. sxl Selonian # Latvia/Lithuania; extinct in 16th century AD
Zem. xzm Zemgalian # unclassified? once spoken in Latvia/Lithuania; extinct
OLith. lt Old Lithuanian # written records commence 16th century AD
LLith. lt Low Lithuanian
Lith. lt Lithuanian
Latv. lv Latvian # a.k.a. Lettish
Slavic sla # oldest text: OCS Bible from 9th century AD; abbr. Sl.
# PSl. ?? Proto-Slavic
OSlav. Old Slavic
# SSlav. ?? South Slavic # SOUTH SLAVIC...
# ESSlav. ?? Eastern South Slavic
OCS cu Old Church Slavonic # = Old Bulgarian, ca. 850-1100 AD
LCS chu Late Church Slavic # 17th-19th centuries
Bulg. bg Bulgarian
MacSl. mk Macedonian Slavic
# WSSlav. ?? Western South Slavic
OSerb. Old Serbian
SCr. hbs Serbo-Croatian # (old code 'sh' is deprecated) with 3 dialects:
Serb. sr Serbian #
Croat. hr Croatian # parts of Serbo-Croatian macrolanguage
Bosn. bs Bosnian #
Slovene sl Slovenian
# ESl. ?? East Slavic # EAST SLAVIC...
ORuss. orv Old Russian # 10th-17th centuries AD
RCS Russian Church Slavic
Russ. ru Russian
Ruth. Ruthenian # a.k.a. Chancery Slavonic or West Russian; developed into Belo. & Ukr.
Belo. be Belorussian
Ukr. uk Ukrainian # also abbr. Uk.
# WSlav. ?? West Slavic # WEST SLAVIC...
OPol. Old Polish
Pol. pl Polish
OPom. Old Pomeranian # a group of Lechitic dialects which evolved into...
Kashub. csb Kashubian
Polab. pox Polabian
OCz. Old Czech
Cz. cs Czech
Slovak sk Slovak
OSorb. Old Sorbian
Sorb. wen Sorbian # upper & lower
Lusat. wen Lusatian # = upper & lower Sorbian
Wend. wen Wendish
USorb. hsb Upper Sorbian
LSorb. dsb Lower Sorbian
GERMANIC # all Centum; 'GERMANIC' is FROZEN
# PGmc. gem Proto-Germanic
E-Germanic gem # EAST GERMANIC...
Go. got Gothic # oldest extensive Germanic text (New Testament), ca. 350 AD; also abbr. Goth.
OstGo. got Ostrogoth # eastern dialect
VisGo. got Visigoth # western dialect
CrGo. got Crimean Gothic # late dialect, 16th century AD; attested only in Busbecq's letter
Vand. xvn Vandalic # marginally attested, 5th century AD; language of the Vandals in Spain & Africa
Burg. Burgundian # marginally attested, 5th century AD; Gmc affiliation uncertain, but "not northwest"
N-Germanic gem # NORTH GERMANIC...
Run. Runic # oldest Germanic inscriptions (ca. 2nd century AD)
ON non Old Norse # Viking tongue, 8th-14th centuries AD
OWN non Old West Norse # WEST NORSE...
OIce. non Old Icelandic # ca. 1150-1500; also abbr. OIc.
Ice. is Icelandic
Faer. fo Faeroese # a.k.a. Faroese (fao)
ONorw. Old Norwegian # (ca. 1150-1450)
MNorw. Middle Norwegian
Norw. no Norwegian # with 2 dialects:
NBok. nob Norwegian Bokmål
NNorw. nno New Norwegian # a.k.a. Nynorsk, also abbr. NN
Jamt. jmk Jamtska # spoken in Sweden, but closer to Norwegian
OEN non Old East Norse # EAST NORSE...
ODan. Old Danish # (ca. 1250-1500)
MDan. Middle Danish
Dan. da Danish # also abbr. Da.
# CD ?? Common Danish
# WJ ?? West Jutlandic
OSw. Old Swedish # (ca. 1250-1500)
MSw. Middle Swedish
Sw. sv Swedish
OGut. Old Gutnish # mostly attested by Gutasaga (13th century)
Gut. Gutnish # Gotland Island; much influenced by Swedish
W-Germanic gem # WEST GERMANIC...
OHG goh Old High German # southern/central Germany, Switzerland, Austria; ca. 750-1050 AD; High...
MHG gmh Middle High German # Germany, Switzerland, and Austria; ca. 1050-1300 AD
MG gmh Middle German # a.k.a. Frankish, ca. 1050-1500 AD
ENHG Early New High German
NHG New High German
G de German
Bav. bar Bavarian # = Austro-Bavarian; Upper German dialect
Alm. swg Alemannic # Upper German; also incl. next 3 dialects:
Swab. swg Swabian # (SW Germany)
Swiss gsw Swiss German # = Alsatian, a.k.a. Schwyzerdütsch (Switzerland)
Wals. wae Walser # (Switzerland)
Yid. yi Yiddish # dialects incl. Eastern, Western
Lux. lb Luxembourgish
Lang. lng Langobardic # Hungary & northern Italy; 4th-9th centuries AD
OLG osx Old Low German # ca. 850-1050 AD; Low...
OS osx Old Saxon # = OLG; 9th-12th centuries AD
LS nds Low Saxon # = Low Franconian; mostly Netherlands
Thur. Thuringian
MLG gml Middle Low German # language of Hanseatic League, northern Germany; ancestor of modern Low German languages; 1100-1400 AD
LG nds Low German # not distinguished from Low Saxon by ISO
PaG pdc Pennsylvania German # a.k.a. "Pennsylvania Dutch"
OF frk Old Frankish # a.k.a. Old Franconian; evolved into Old Low Franconian; unattested
OLF odt Old Low Franconian # = Old Dutch; few texts, 700-1100 AD
ODu. odt Old Dutch # = Old Low Franconian; predecessor of Dutch & Flemish
MDu. dum Middle Dutch # Netherlands and Belgium; ca. 1050-1500 AD
Du. nl Dutch
Afrik. af Afrikaans
F vmf Franconian # = Mainfränkisch
MFlem. Middle Flemish
WFlem. nl West Flemish
Flem. nl Flemish
Limb. li Limburgish # = Limburgan, Limburger
OFris. ofs Old Frisian # coastal Netherlands & Germany, ca. 8th-15th centuries AD; Anglo-Frisian...
OWFris. ofs Old West Frisian
MFris. Middle Frisian # ca. 15th-19th centuries AD
Fris. fy Frisian
EFris. frs East Frisian # Germany
NFris. frr North Frisian # Germany
Sater. stq Saterfriesisch # Germany
WFris. fry West Frisian # = Fris. Netherlands
English eng # 'English' (technically part of Anglo-Frisian WEST GERMANIC) is FROZEN
AS ang Anglo-Saxon # = Old English; ca. 450-1150 AD
OE ang Old English # = Anglo-Saxon; Mercian dialect is ancestral to ME, NE
Angl. ang Anglian # cover term for two OE dialects: Northumbrian & Mercian
NUmb. ang Northumbrian # northern OE dialect
Merc. ang Mercian # central OE dialect, ancestral to ME
Kent. ang Kentish # southeastern OE dialect
WSax. ang West Saxon # southern & southwestern OE dialect; best attested, due to Alfred the Great
ME enm Middle English # 1150-1500 AD
NE en New English # = (modern) English; 1500+
E en English # (modern) 'English' is FROZEN
AmEng American English
BritE British English
ScotE sco Scots English
ANATOLIAN # Centum
Anatolian ine # oldest attested IE languages; Luwian names in Assyrian trading doc's ca. 2000 BC; all (but 1 creole?) extinct by ca. 100 BC
# PHitt. ?? Proto-Hittite
Hitt. hit Hittite # NORTH/EAST... ca. 25,000 clay tablets in Babylonian cuneiform dated ca. 1750-1180 BC
# CHitt. hit Cuneiform Hittite
OHitt. oht Old Hittite # ca. 1750-1500 BC
MHitt. htx Middle Hittite # central Anatolia; ca. 1500-1400 BC
NHitt. nei Neo-Hittite # ca. 1400-1180 BC
Pala. plq Palaic # northern Anatolia; ca. dozen ritual fragments in cuneiform, ca. 16th-13th century BC (extinct by 13th, or possibly by 16th?)
Luw. Luwian # SOUTH/WEST... probably the language of Troy; codes are more specific:
CLuw. xlu Cuneiform Luwian # few texts (Hittite archives in Hattusa); ca. 1600-1200 BC
HLuw. hlu Hieroglyphic Luwian # southern & western Anatolia; ca. 1400-700 BC (but a few native inscriptions in early 2nd millennium BC)
# HHitt. hlu Hieroglyphic Hittite # obsolete term; language now known to be [Hieroglyphic] Luwian
Lyc. xlc Lycian # a.k.a. "Lycian A," approx. 200 coins & 170 tomb/votive inscriptions, ca. 500-300 BC
Mil. imy Milyan # a.k.a. "Lycian B," but not necessarily a dialect of Lycian; 2 tomb inscriptions in verse, late 1st millenium BC, in Sardis
Lyd. xld Lydian # ca. 70 coins & graffiti ca. 700-100 BC, <30 longer texts (e.g. tomb inscriptions) ca. 5th-4th centuries BC
Car. xcr Carian # ca. 20 inscriptions [written L-R] in Caria & Aegean, 4th-3rd centuries BC; numerous graffiti/tomb inscriptions [written R-L] in Egypt, ca. 7th-5th centuries BC, by Carian mercenaries using 45 Greek-like letters w/non-Greek values
Side. xsd Sidetic # spoken in city of Side; half-dozen inscriptions + some coins ca. 500-300 BC
Pisid. xps Pisidic # a.k.a. Pisidian, approx. 25 tomb inscriptions in Greek-derived alphabet, 2nd-1st centuries BC (AD??); a Phrygian-Lycian/Sidetic creole?
WEST EUROPEAN # all Centum
Italic roa # attested from the 1st millennium BC; all but Romance died out as the Empire emerged
# PIt. ?? Proto-Italic
# Ely. xly Elymian # ancient Sicilian; IE, but probably not Italic; 2nd half of 1st millennium BC
Ven. xve Venetic # northern Italy, probable 3rd branch of Italic (vs. Sabellic & Latino-Faliscan); over 250 short inscriptions in Etruscan alphabet, 6th-1st centuries BC
Aeq. xae Aequian # unclassified, dialect of Latin? very few texts; from Alban hills, near Rome, 5th-3rd centuries BC
Vest. xvs Vestinian # unclassified, in Oscan subgroup?? 2 heavily-Latinized inscriptions; east-central Italy, 250-100 BC
Osc. osc Oscan # subgroup of SABELLIC; written in Etruscan-derived alphabet, 500-50 BC
Hern. xhr Hernican # in Oscan (?) subgroup of Sabellic; 2 inscriptions, 1st millennium BC
Marr. umc Marrucinian # prob. in Oscan subgroup; central Adriatic coast of Italy, mid-3rd century BC; 1 tablet (now lost)
Pael. pgn Paelignian # in Oscan subgroup; very few inscriptions, 1st century BC
Umb. xum Umbrian # subgroup of SABELLIC: central/southern Italy, mid-late 1st millennium BC
Mars. ims Marsian # in Umbrian subgroup? east-central Italy, 300-150 BC; strongly Latinized
Sab. sbv Sabine # in Umbrian subgroup? northeast-central Italy, mid-1st millennium BC
SPic. spx South Picene # in Umbrian subgroup? 6th-4th centuries BC
Vol. xvo Volscian # in Umbrian subgroup? several short inscriptions using archaic Latin alphabet; 3rd century BC
Fal. xfa Faliscan # in LATINO-FALISCAN group; west-central Italy, just north of Rome, 650-100 BC; related to:
OLat. la Old Latin # ROMANCE...
MLat. la Middle Latin
Lat. la Latin
MELat. la Medieval Latin
VLat. la Vulgar Latin
LLat. la Late Latin
NLat. la New Latin
Rum. ro Rumanian # = Romanian; EASTERN ROMANCE...
Mold. mo Moldavian # = Moldovan; NE dialect of Romanian, written in Roman script
Arom. rup Aromanian # = Arumanian, Macedo-Romanian
Istr. ruo Istro Romanian
Megl. ruq Megleno Romanian
Cors. co Corsican # (not the original, indigenous language) SOUTHERN ROMANCE...
Sard. sc Sardinian # (not the original, indigenous language) dialects incl. Campidanese, Gallurese, Logudorese, Sassarese
OIt. Old Italian # Italy; WESTERN ROMANCE...
It. it Italian
Neap. nap Neapolitan
Sic. scn Sicilian # (not the original, indigenous language)
Rom. rm Romansh # = Romansch, Rhaeto-Romance; Switzerland
# RhRom. roh Rhaeto-Romance # = Romansh
OFr. fro Old French # northern & central France, Belgium; ca. 842-1400 AD
ONFr. fro Old North French
AngFr. xno Anglo-French # a.k.a. Anglo-Norman, = Norman OFr. as used in medieval England: 12th-15th centuries AD
Wall. wln Walloon # French dialect spoken in Belgium (but not = "Belgian French") since ca. 12th century AD
MFr. frm Middle French # northern & central France, Belgium; ca. 1400-1600 AD
Fr. fr French # incl. Canadian, Acadian, American, etc. 1600+
AmFr. fra American French
CanFr. fra Canadian French # a.k.a. Quebec French
AcadFr. fra Acadian French # Nova Scotia, New Brunswick
LaFr. frc Cajun French # Louisiana; descended from Acadian French
OOcc. pro Old Occitan # = Old Provençal
OProv. pro Old Provencal # "the language of the troubadors," southern France; 10th-15th centuries AD
Occ. oc Occitan # a.k.a. Occitanian; dialects incl. Auvergnat, Gascon, Languedocien, Limousin, Provençal; after 1500 AD
Prov. oc Provencal # = Occitan (see above)
OCat. Old Catalan
Cat. ca Catalan # northeastern Spain, incl. Barcelona
Arag. arg Aragonese # Aragon, northern Spain
OSp. osp Old Spanish # central Spain, ca. 900-1250 AD
MSp. Middle Spanish # ca. 1250-1500
ClSp. Classical Spanish # ca. 1500-1650
Lad. lad Ladino # a.k.a. Sefardi, Judeo-Spanish
Sp. es Spanish # modern (Castilian): ca. 1650+
AmSp. es American Spanish
MexSp. es Mexican Spanish
OPort. Old Portuguese # Portugal
Port. pt Portuguese # incl. Brazil
Celtic cel
# PCelt. ?? Proto-Celtic
Lep. xlp Lepontic # CONTINENTAL: northern Italy; earliest Continental Celtic inscriptions, 6th-1st centuries BC, written in Etruscan alphabet
Gaul. Gaulish # codes are more specific:
CGaul. xcg Cisalpine Gaulish # Northern Italy, ca. 150-50 BC
TGaul. xtg Transalpine Gaulish # France and Belgium; late 1st millennium BC - 3rd/4th century AD
Gal. xga Galatian # all material contained w/in other language texts; ca. late 1st millenium BC - 6th century AD, Turkey
Noric nrc Noric # Balkans; two fragmentary inscriptions; 4th century BC - ca. 100 AD
# Lusit. ?? Lusitanian # 6th century BC Portugal/Spain; IE, but affiliation UNKNOWN: age/location implies Celtic, but initial /p/ in inscriptions argues against it
Celt. xce Celtiberian # Hispano-Celtic (attested 7th/6th century BC - 3rd century AD)...
OBret. obt Old Breton # 9th-10th centuries AD; INSULAR (inscriptions dated to ca. 400 AD): Brittonic/BRYTHONIC...
MBret. xbm Middle Breton # Brittany, France; ca. 1100-1600 AD
Bret. br Breton
OCorn. oco Old Cornish # southwestern England; 9th-14th centuries AD
MCorn. cnx Middle Cornish # southwestern England; 14th-16th centuries AD
Corn. kw Cornish # once dead, now being revived -- resulting in hostile factions!
Cumb. xcb Cumbric # traces found in Latin legal tract. ca. 1000 AD
OW owl Old Welsh # 9th-11th centuries AD
MW wlm Middle Welsh # 12th-14th centuries AD
W cy Welsh # (modern)
# Pict. xpi Pictish # ancient language of Scotland; IE affiliation, if any, UNKNOWN
OIr. sga Old Irish # ca. 6th-9th centuries AD; GOIDELIC...
MIr. mga Middle Irish # Ireland and western Scotland; ca. 900-1200 AD
Ir. ga Irish # = Irish Gaelic (modern)
Gael. gd Gaelic
ScotG gd Scots Gaelic # (modern)
Manx gv Manx # a.k.a. Manx Gaelic
Shel. sth Shelta # living: "Irish Traveler Cant" (hybrid of Old Irish vocabulary with English grammar)
Tocharian ine # Xinjiang, Western China; preserved in Buddhist writings ca. 6th - 8th centuries AD
# PToch. ?? Proto-Tocharian
Toch. Tokharian # a.k.a. Common Toch.; unattested; ca. 2nd - 1st millenia BC
TochA xto Tocharian A # eastern, a.k.a. Turfanian; strictly liturgical, ca. 500-900 AD; "true" Tocharian?
TochB txb Tocharian B # western, a.k.a. Kuchean; the vernacular, ca. 500-900 AD
SOUTH EUROPEAN
Hellenic grc # Centum; 'Hellenic' is FROZEN
# PGk. ?? Proto-Greek
Myc. gmy Mycenaean # oldest Hellenic texts, in Linear B, ca. 1600-1100 BC; ancestor of Arcadian & Cyprian dialects; Doric invasion extinguished Greek writing
Arcad. Arcadian # = Arcadocypriot, Mycenaean descendant spoken in Arcadian mountains, central Pelopennesus; written w/letters tsan & digamma, to 6th century BC
Cyp. Cyprian # = Arcadocypriot, Mycenaean descendant spoken in Cyprus (after Trojan War?); written in Cypriot syllabary to 3rd century BC
Pamph. Pamphylian # Southern Asia Minor; developed from Arcadian
Dor. Doric # = Dorian, one of 3 main dialects in Archaic period; Pelopennesus, Crete; NORTHWESTERN...
Elean Elean
Lac. Laconian # a.k.a. Spartan; survives as Tsakonian (shepherds' dialect)
MacGk. xmk Macedonian Greek # separate (sub)family? latter 1st millennium BC - early 1st millennium AD
Aeol. Aeolic # = Aeolian, one of 3 main dialects in Archaic period; Aegean islands and western Asia Minor north of Smyrna; NORTHERN...
Boeot. Boeotian
Lesb. Lesbian
Thess. Thessalian
Ion. Ionic # = Ionian, one of 3 main dialects in Archaic period; Smyrna & areas south; primary literary language of ancient Greece; WESTERN ASIA MINOR...
Hom. Homeric Greek # a.k.a. Epic Greek; oldest alphabetic Greek, ca. 8th century BC
Att. Attic # derived from Ionian; spoken in Athens, etc; EASTERN...
Gk. grc Greek # Classical & Koine; ca. 800 BC - 330 AD
LGk. Late Greek
Hesy. Hesychius' Lexicon # ca. 5th century AD; only "one deeply corrupt 15th century manuscript" preserved
MGk. Medieval Greek # intermediate between Koine and modern Gk; ca. 330-1453 AD
NGk. el New Greek # after 1453: modern...
Cap. cpg Cappadocian # extinct following relocation of speakers to Greece in 1922
Pont. pnt Pontic # survives from ancient Greek dialect of Black Sea coastal areas
Armenian arm # Satem; oldest texts: 4th-5th century AD Bible, 5th century literature
# PArm. ?? Proto-Armenian
OArm. xcl Classical Armenian # 5th-10th centuries AD
MArm. axm Middle Armenian # 11th-15th centuries AD
Arm. hy Armenian # (modern)
# PI-I ?? Proto-Indo-Iranian
# I-I ?? Indo-Iranian
Indic inc # Satem; a.k.a. Indo-Aryan; attested from the 2nd millennium BC (words and names since ca. 1500 BC, in Hittite doc's)
# PInd. ?? Proto-Indic
# OInd. ?? Old Indic
# MesAr. ?? Mesopotamian Aryan
RV sa Rigvedic # Rig Veda, ca. late 2nd millennium BC
Ved. sa Vedic # pre-Classical Sanskrit (but not necessarily Rigvedic!)
Skt. sa Sanskrit # i.e. Classical, as defined by Panini ca. 400 BC
Prak. pra Prakrit # Middle Indic tongues
Pali pi Pali # artificial: literary Creole; oldest written Indic texts: 5th century BC
Saur. psu Sauraseni # a Middle Indic Prakrit, 3rd-10th centuries AD
Assm. as Assamese
Beng. bn Bengali
Bih. bho Bihari # incl. Angika, Bhojpuri, Kudmali, Magahi, Maithili, Panchpargania, Sadri, Surajpuri, Vajjika
Guj. gu Gujarati
Hin. hi Hindi
Konk. kok Konkani # incl. Goan
Kum. kfy Kumauni
Lahn. lah Lahnda # dialects incl. Jakati, Khetrani, Mirpur Panjabi, Northern Hindko, Pahari-Potwari, Seraiki, Southern Hindko, Western Panjabi
Mald. div Maldivian
Maras. rmt Marashi # = Domari, akin to Romani
OMart. omr Old Marathi # "classical" written form, 1000-1350 AD
Mart. mr Marathi
Nep. ne Nepali
Ori. or Oriya
Pnj. pa Panjabi # = Punjabi
Raj. raj Rajasthani # dialects incl. Bagri, Gade Lohar, Gujari, Hadothi, Malvi, Wagdi
Rmy. rom Romani # = Romany, Gypsy; dialects incl. Balkan (rmn), Baltic (rml), Carpathian (rmc), Kalo Finnish (rmf), Sinte (rmo), Vlax (rmy), Welsh (rmw)
Sind. sd Sindhi
Sinh. si Sinhalese # = Sinhala
Urdu ur Urdu
# Dardic # Satem; languages in this group do not necessarily form a single genetic tree; probably more Indic than Iranian, influenced by Nuristani
# Chitral group, spoken in Pakistan
Khow. khw Khowar
Kals. kls Kalasha
# Kashmiri group, spoken in India
Kash. kas Kashmiri
# Kohistani group, spoken mostly in Pakistan
Bat. btv Bateri
Chil. clh Chilisso
Gow. gwf Gowro
Kalk. xka Kalkoti
Kalm. gwc Kalami
Koh. mvy Kohistani # Indus Valley
Tira. tra Tirahi # Afghanistan
Torw. trw Torwali
Wota. wsv Wotapuri-Katarqalai # Afghanistan
# Kunar group, spoken mostly in Afghanistan
Dam. dml Dameli # Pakistan
Gawar gwt Gawar-Bati
Gran. nli Grangali
## Pashayi subgroup (4 mutually unintelligible dialects) = Pashai, spoken in NE Afghanistan
Pash. psi Pashai # N.B. this is a default (place-holder) for any of the 4 dialects below!
PashNE aee Pashayi-NE
PashNW glh Pashayi-NW
PashSE psi Pashayi-SE
PashSW psh Pashayi-SW
Shum. sts Shumashti
# Shina group, spoken mostly in Pakistan
Brok. bkk Brokskat # India
Dom. dmk Domaaki
Phal. phl Phalura
ShinKo plk Shina-Kohistani # (not the Indus Valley Kohistani, above)
Shina scl Shina
Savi sdg Savi # Afghanistan
Ush. ush Ushojo
# Nuristani # Satem; 3rd branch of Indo-Iranian, between Indic & Iranian; Afghanistan/Pakistan border, influenced by Dardic
Pras. prn Prasuni # a.k.a. Vasi-vari; NORTHERN...
Bash. bsh Bashgali # a.k.a. Kati or Kamkata-viri; major dialects are Kata-vari, Kamviri (xvi), Mumviri
Ashk. ask Ashkun # with several dialects; SOUTHERN...
Treg. trm Tregami # a.k.a. Gambiri (spoken in 3 villages)
Waig. wbk Waigali # a.k.a. Kalasha-ala (numerous dialects)
Iranian ira # Satem; attested from roughly 1000 BC: Zarathustra's oral tradition; abbr. Irn.
# PIrn. ?? Proto-Iranian
# EIrn. Early Iranian
OIran. Old Iranian # (unspecified)
MIran. Middle Iranian # (unspecified)
Iran. Iranian # (modern, unspecified)
Yas. ysc Yassic # unclassified Iranian; Hungary, 5th century AD
# OAv. ?? Old Avestan # EAST...
Av. ae Avestan
# YAv. ?? Young Avestan
OScyth. xsc Old Scythian # (some classify this as Western) ca. 6th-1st centuries BC
# MIran. ...Middle Iranian period...
Scyth. xsc Scythian # (some classify this as Western) also abbr. Scy.
Sogd. sog Sogdian # trade language along the Silk Road in central Asia, 300 BC - 1000 AD; also abbr. Sog.
Bact. xbc Bactrian # central Asia, 300 BC - 1000 AD
Chor. xco Chorasmian # central Asia, 300 BC - 1000 AD
Alan. xln Alanic # extinct unknown language of the Alans; 5th century AD
OOss. oos Old Ossetic # 300 BC - 1000 AD
Oss. os Ossetic # = Ossetian
Khot. kho Khotanese # Xinjiang, central Asia; 100 BC - 1000 AD
Sac. kho Sacian # a.k.a. Sakan (code xsk retired), now = Khotanese (kho)
Saka. kho Sakan # a.k.a. Sacian (code xsk retired), now = Khotanese (kho)
Tums. xtq Tumshuqese # dialect of Sakan, appears more archaic than Khotanese; few MSS, found near Kucha; 5th-10th centuries AD
# NIran. ...Modern Iranian period...
Push. ps Pushto # a.k.a. Pashto, dialects incl. Northern, Central, Southern
Pamir sgh Pamir # SE Iranian group; numerous dialects, not all listed here, but incl...
Shug. sgh Shughni #...most-widely spoken Pamir dialect
OPers. peo Old Persian # WEST... inscriptions ca. 600-300 BC
Med. xme Median # ca. 500 BC - 100 AD
# MIran. ...Middle Iranian period...
MPers. qmp Middle Persian
Parth. xpr Parthian # central Asia, 300 BC - 1000 AD
Pahl. pal Pahlavi # a.k.a. Pehlevi = Middle Persian; ancestor of modern Persian; 300 BC - 1000 AD
Mani. xmn Manichaean # Middle Persian dialect, cult language of Manichaeism; ca. 300-600 AD
# NIran. ...Modern Iranian period...
NPers. fa New Persian # = Farsi, also abbr. NPer.
Farsi fa Farsi # = NPers., incl. Western Farsi
Balu. bal Baluchi # dialects incl. East, South, West
Kurd. ku Kurdish # dialects incl. Northern, Central, Southern
Par. prc Parachi
Pers. per Persian
Dari gbz Dari # this Dari language, a Farsi dialect, is spoken in central Iran; another "Dari" language (Eastern Farsi) is spoken in Afghanistan
Taj. tgk Tajiki
PALEO-BALKAN
# Phrygian ine # Satem; far eastern Balkans (Thrace) -> ANATOLIA (Sea Peoples?) ca. 1200 BC
# Phryg. xpg Phrygian # north central Anatolia; ca. 250 Old inscriptions, 8th-3rd centuries BC; ca. 100 New inscriptions in Gk script, 1st-2nd centuries AD
# Thracian ine # Satem; EASTERN BALKANS; 1st millennium BC - 500 AD
# Thrac. txh Thracian # southern Balkans; ancestor of Albanian?
# Dac. xdc Dacian # spoken in ancient Romania
# Illyrian ine # WESTERN BALKANS; traditional ancestor of Albanian, BUT... Centum!
# Illyr. xil Illyrian # no native texts; ca. 500 BC - 500 AD
# Mess. cms Messapic # a.k.a. Messapian; SE Italy; ca. 300 inscriptions, 6th-1st centuries BC; IE, but affiliation UNKNOWN
# Sicel scx Sicel # unclassified IE, possibly related to Messapic; Sicily/southern Italy; a few coins/inscriptions, ca. 6th-3rd centuries BC
Albanian alb # Satem; attested from 15th century AD (1462)
Alb. sq Albanian # (undifferentiated)
Gheg aln Gheg # northern dialect
Tosk als Tosk # southern dialect
Arv. aat Arvanitika # Greece
Arb. aae Arbëreshë # southern Italy
# **** Section 2 ****
# This section declares the abbreviations and full-form values for the
# Semantic Fields; these are derived from Buck (DSS, 1949), whose numbers
# appear in column 1. The abbreviations in column 2 are used for coding
# PIE root forms; the full forms in column 3 are displayed in the web pages
# derived therefrom.
#
#Buck Abbr. Field Labels
#----- ----- ---------------------
1 PW Physical World
1.1 PW_WO World
1.21 PW_EL Earth, Land
1.212 PW_GS Ground, Soil
1.213 PW_DU Dust, Powder
1.214 PW_MU Mud, Mire
1.215 PW_SA Sand, Grit
1.22 PW_MH Mountain, Hill
1.23 PW_PF Plain, Field
1.24 PW_VA Valley, Dale
1.25 PW_IS Island, Isle
1.26 PW_ML Mainland, Continent
1.27 PW_SH Shore, Beach
1.31 PW_WA Water
1.32 PW_SE Sea
1.33 PW_LA Lake, Pond
1.34 PW_GB Gulf, Bay
1.35 PW_WV Wave, Surge
1.36 PW_RS River, Stream, Brook
1.37 PW_SW Spring, Well
1.41 PW_WF Woods, Forest
1.42 PW_TR Tree, Oak
1.43 PW_WD Wood, Timber
1.44 PW_SR Stone, Rock
1.51 PW_SK Sky, Heavens
1.52 PW_SU Sun
1.53 PW_MO Moon
1.54 PW_ST Star
1.55 PW_LI Lightning, Flash
1.56 PW_TH Thunder, Noise
1.57 PW_LT Lightning Strike, Thunderbolt
1.61 PW_LG Light
1.62 PW_DA Darkness
1.63 PW_SD Shade, Shadow
1.71 PW_AI Air, Ether
1.72 PW_WI Wind, Breeze
1.73 PW_CL Cloud, Mirk
1.74 PW_MI Mist, Fog, Haze
1.75 PW_RA Rain (n)
1.76 PW_SN Snow (n)
1.77 PW_IC Ice, Frost
1.78 PW_WE Weather
1.81 PW_FI Fire (n)
1.82 PW_FL Flame (n)
1.83 PW_SM Smoke (n)
1.84 PW_AS Ash(es)
1.85 PW_BU to Burn, Scorch
1.86 PW_LK to Light, Kindle
1.87 PW_MT Match, Fire Stick
#
2 MK Mankind
2.1 MK_HB Human Being
2.21 MK_MA Man
2.22 MK_WO Woman
2.23 MK_MS Male
2.24 MK_FS Female
2.242 MK_SX Sex
2.25 MK_BO Boy
2.26 MK_GI Girl
2.27 MK_CH Child
2.28 MK_IN Infant
2.31 MK_HU Husband
2.32 MK_WI Wife
2.33 MK_MR to Marry, Wed
2.34 MK_MW Marriage, Wedding
2.35 MK_FA Father
2.36 MK_MO Mother
2.37 MK_PA Parent(s)
2.41 MK_SO Son
2.42 MK_DA Daughter
2.43 MK_SD Son or Daughter
2.44 MK_BR Brother
2.45 MK_SI Sister
2.452 MK_BS Sibling(s)
2.46 MK_GF Grandfather
2.47 MK_GM Grandmother
2.48 MK_GS Grandson
2.49 MK_GD Granddaughter
2.51 MK_UN Uncle
2.52 MK_AU Aunt
2.53 MK_NE Nephew
2.54 MK_NI Niece
2.55 MK_CO Cousin
2.56 MK_AN Ancestor(s)
2.57 MK_DE Descendant(s)
2.61 MK_FL Father-in-Law
2.62 MK_ML Mother-in-Law
2.63 MK_SL Son-in-Law
2.64 MK_DL Daughter-in-Law
2.65 MK_BL Brother-in-Law
2.66 MK_SW Sister-in-Law
2.71 MK_SF Stepfather
2.72 MK_SM Stepmother
2.73 MK_SS Stepson
2.74 MK_SR Stepdaughter
2.75 MK_OR Orphan
2.76 MK_WD Widow
2.81 MK_RE Relative(s)
2.82 MK_FM Family
#
3 AN Animals
3.11 AN_AN Animal
3.12 AN_MA Male Animal
3.13 AN_FE Female Animal
3.14 AN_CA to Castrate
3.15 AN_LI Livestock
3.16 AN_PV to Pasture
3.17 AN_PS Pasture
3.18 AN_HE Herdsman
3.19 AN_ST Stable, Stall
3.20 AN_CB Cattle, Bovines
3.21 AN_BU Bull
3.22 AN_OX Ox, Steer
3.23 AN_CO Cow
3.24 AN_CF Calf
3.25 AN_SH Sheep
3.26 AN_RA Ram
3.27 AN_WE Wether
3.28 AN_EW Ewe
3.29 AN_LA Lamb
3.31 AN_SW Swine
3.32 AN_BO Boar
3.33 AN_BA Barrow
3.34 AN_SO Sow
3.35 AN_PI Pig
3.36 AN_GO Goat
3.37 AN_HG He-Goat
3.38 AN_KI Kid
3.41 AN_HO Horse (generic)
3.42 AN_SN Stallion
3.43 AN_GE Gelding
3.44 AN_MR Mare
3.45 AN_FC Foal, Colt
3.46 AN_AD Ass, Donkey
3.47 AN_MU Mule
3.51 AN_HC Hen, Chicken (generic)
3.52 AN_CK Cock, Rooster
3.53 AN_CN Capon
3.54 AN_HN Hen
3.55 AN_CH Chicken
3.56 AN_GS Goose
3.57 AN_DU Duck
3.61 AN_DO Dog
3.612 AN_PU Puppy
3.62 AN_CT Cat
3.63 AN_MO Mouse
3.64 AN_BI Bird
3.65 AN_FI Fish (n)
3.66 AN_FM Fisherman
3.71 AN_WO Wolf
3.72 AN_LN Lion
3.73 AN_BR Bear
3.74 AN_FX Fox
3.75 AN_DE Deer
3.76 AN_MK Monkey
3.77 AN_EL Elephant
3.78 AN_CM Camel
3.79 AN_HU to Hunt
3.81 AN_IN Insect
3.82 AN_BE Bee
3.83 AN_FL Fly (n)
3.84 AN_WR Worm
3.85 AN_SK Snake
#
4 BP Body Parts/Functions
4.11 BP_BO Body
4.12 BP_SH Skin, Hide
4.13 BP_FL Flesh
4.14 BP_HA Hair
4.142 BP_BE Beard
4.15 BP_BL Blood
4.16 BP_BN Bone
4.162 BP_RI Rib
4.17 BP_HO Horn
4.18 BP_TA Tail
4.19 BP_BA Back
4.20 BP_HE Head
4.202 BP_SK Skull
4.203 BP_BR Brain
4.204 BP_FA Face
4.205 BP_FO Forehead
4.206 BP_EB Eyebrow
4.207 BP_JW Jaw
4.208 BP_CK Cheek
4.209 BP_CN Chin
4.21 BP_EY Eye
4.22 BP_EA Ear
4.23 BP_NO Nose
4.24 BP_MO Mouth
4.25 BP_LI Lip
4.26 BP_TG Tongue
4.27 BP_TO Tooth
4.28 BP_NK Neck
4.29 BP_TR Throat
4.30 BP_SD Shoulder
4.31 BP_AR Arm
4.32 BP_EL Elbow
4.33 BP_HN Hand
4.34 BP_FI Finger
4.342 BP_TM Thumb
4.35 BP_LE Leg
4.36 BP_KN Knee
4.37 BP_FT Foot
4.38 BP_TE Toe
4.39 BP_NA Nail, Claw
4.392 BP_WI Wing
4.393 BP_FE Feather
4.40 BP_FC Front of Chest
4.41 BP_BW Breast of Woman
4.42 BP_UA Udder of Animals
4.43 BP_NV Navel
4.44 BP_HR Heart
4.45 BP_LV Liver
4.46 BP_BS Belly, Stomach
4.47 BP_WO Womb
4.48 BP_EG Egg
4.49 BP_TS Testicle
4.492 BP_PE Penis
4.51 BP_BB to Breathe; Breath
4.52 BP_YG to Yawn, Gape
4.53 BP_CO to Cough
4.54 BP_SN to Sneeze
4.55 BP_SW Sweat, Perspiration
4.56 BP_SP to Spit
4.57 BP_VO to Vomit
4.58 BP_BI to Bite
4.59 BP_LC to Lick
4.61 BP_SL to Sleep; Sleep
4.62 BP_DR Dream (n)
4.63 BP_WA to Wake
4.64 BP_FB to Fart, Break Wind
4.65 BP_UU to Urinate; Urine
4.66 BP_ED to Void Excrement; Excrement, Dung
4.67 BP_SI to have Sexual Intercourse
4.71 BP_BP to Beget (of Father)
4.72 BP_BM to Bear (of Mother)
4.73 BP_PR Pregnant
4.732 BP_CC to Conceive
4.74 BP_LL to Live; Living; Life
4.75 BP_DD to Die; Dead; Death
4.76 BP_KI to Kill
4.77 BP_CS Corpse, Body
4.78 BP_BD to Bury the Dead
4.79 BP_GR Grave, Tomb
4.81 BP_SM Strong, Mighty, Powerful
4.82 BP_WE Weak, Infirm
4.83 BP_WH Well; Health
4.84 BP_SS Sick; Sickness
#
5 FD Food/Drink
5.11 FD_EA to Eat
5.12 FD_FD Food
5.13 FD_DR to Drink
5.14 FD_HU Hunger (n)
5.15 FD_TH Thirst (n)
5.16 FD_SU to Suck, Suckle
5.17 FD_MX to Mix, Blend
5.21 FD_CO to Cook
5.22 FD_BO to Boil (trans.)
5.23 FD_RF to Roast, Fry
5.24 FD_BA to Bake
5.25 FD_OV Oven
5.26 FD_PO Pot
5.27 FD_KE Kettle
5.28 FD_PA Pan
5.31 FD_DI Dish
5.32 FD_PL Plate
5.33 FD_BW Bowl
5.34 FD_PJ Pitcher, Jug
5.35 FD_CU Cup
5.36 FD_SA Saucer
5.37 FD_SP Spoon
5.38 FD_KN Knife
5.39 FD_FO Fork
5.41 FD_AM a Meal
5.42 FD_BR Breakfast
5.43 FD_LU Lunch
5.44 FD_DN Dinner
5.45 FD_SR Supper
5.51 FD_BD Bread
5.52 FD_CA Cake
5.53 FD_DO Dough
5.54 FD_KD to Knead
5.55 FD_MF Meal, Flour
5.56 FD_GR to Grind
5.57 FD_ML Mill
5.61 FD_ME Meat
5.612 FD_BU Butcher (n)
5.62 FD_BE Beef
5.63 FD_SG Sausage
5.64 FD_SB Soup, Broth
5.65 FD_VE Vegetables
5.66 FD_BN Bean
5.67 FD_PE Pea
5.68 FD_ON Onion
5.69 FD_CB Cabbage
5.70 FD_PT Potato
5.71 FD_FR Fruit
5.72 FD_AP Apple
5.73 FD_PR Pear
5.74 FD_PC Peach
5.75 FD_FI Fig
5.76 FD_GP Grape
5.77 FD_NT Nut
5.78 FD_OL Olive
5.79 FD_OI Oil
5.80 FD_BY Berry
5.81 FD_SL Salt
5.82 FD_PP Pepper
5.83 FD_VI Vinegar
5.84 FD_HO Honey
5.85 FD_SS Sugar
5.86 FD_MS Milk
5.87 FD_MV to Milk
5.88 FD_CH Cheese
5.89 FD_BT Butter
5.91 FD_MD Mead
5.92 FD_WI Wine
5.93 FD_BB Beer
#
6 CA Clothing/Adornment
6.11 CA_CD to Clothe, Dress
6.12 CA_CC Clothing, Clothes
6.13 CA_TA Tailor, Seamstress
6.21 CA_CL Cloth
6.22 CA_WO Wool
6.23 CA_FL Linen, Flax
6.24 CA_CO Cotton
6.25 CA_SI Silk
6.26 CA_LA Lace
6.27 CA_FE Felt
6.28 CA_FU Fur
6.29 CA_LE Leather
6.31 CA_SN to Spin
6.32 CA_SP Spindle
6.33 CA_WE to Weave
6.34 CA_LO Loom
6.35 CA_SE to Sew
6.36 CA_NE Needle
6.37 CA_AW Awl
6.38 CA_TH Thread
6.39 CA_DY to Dye
6.41 CA_CK Cloak
6.412 CA_OV Overcoat
6.42 CA_WD Woman's Dress
6.43 CA_CT Coat
6.44 CA_SH Shirt
6.45 CA_CR Collar
6.46 CA_SK Skirt
6.47 CA_AP Apron
6.48 CA_TR Trousers
6.49 CA_SS Stocking, Sock
6.51 CA_SO Shoe
6.52 CA_BO Boot
6.53 CA_SL Slipper
6.54 CA_SC Shoemaker, Cobbler
6.55 CA_HC Hat, Cap
6.57 CA_BG Belt, Girdle
6.58 CA_GL Glove
6.59 CA_VE Veil
6.61 CA_PO Pocket
6.62 CA_BU Button
6.63 CA_PI Pin, Brooch
6.71 CA_AD Adornment (personal)
6.72 CA_JW Jewel, Gem
6.73 CA_FR Finger Ring
6.74 CA_BR Bracelet, Armband
6.75 CA_NC Necklace
6.81 CA_HF Handkerchief
6.82 CA_TW Towel
6.83 CA_NA Napkin
6.91 CA_CB Comb
6.92 CA_BH Brush
6.93 CA_RA Razor
6.94 CA_OI Ointment
6.95 CA_SA Soap
6.96 CA_MR Mirror
#
7 DF Dwellings/Furniture
7.11 DF_DW to Dwell, Live
7.12 DF_HS House
7.122 DF_HO Home
7.13 DF_HU Hut
7.14 DF_TE Tent
7.15 DF_YR Yard, Court
7.21 DF_RO Room
7.22 DF_DG Door, Gate
7.23 DF_LO Lock (n)
7.24 DF_KY Key
7.25 DF_WN Window
7.26 DF_FL Floor
7.27 DF_WL Wall
7.28 DF_RF Roof
7.31 DF_FP Fireplace, Hearth
7.32 DF_ST Stove
7.33 DF_CH Chimney
7.41 DF_FR Furniture
7.42 DF_BD Bed
7.43 DF_CR Chair
7.44 DF_TB Table
7.45 DF_LP Lamp
7.46 DF_CL Candle
#
8 AV Agriculture/Vegetation
8.11 AV_FA Farmer
8.12 AV_FC Field for Cultivation
8.13 AV_GA Garden, Orchard
8.14 AV_BA Barn
8.15 AV_CT to Cultivate, Tilt
8.21 AV_PL to Plow; Plow
8.212 AV_FU Furrow (n)
8.22 AV_DI to Dig, Delve
8.23 AV_SP Spade (n)
8.24 AV_SH Shovel (n)
8.25 AV_HO Hoe (n)
8.26 AV_FO Fork (tool)
8.27 AV_RA Rake (n)
8.28 AV_HA Harrow (n)
8.31 AV_SS to Sow; Seed
8.32 AV_MR to Mow, Reap
8.33 AV_SI Sickle, Scythe
8.34 AV_TH to Thresh
8.35 AV_TF Threshing-Floor
8.41 AV_CH Crop, Harvest
8.42 AV_GG Grain (generic, British Corn)
8.43 AV_WH Wheat
8.44 AV_BR Barley
8.45 AV_RY Rye
8.46 AV_OA Oats
8.47 AV_MA Maize, Corn
8.48 AV_RI Rice
8.51 AV_GR Grass
8.52 AV_HY Hay
8.53 AV_PN Plant, Herb
8.54 AV_RO Root
8.55 AV_BN Branch
8.56 AV_LE Leaf
8.57 AV_FL Flower
8.58 AV_RS Rose
8.60 AV_TR Tree (generic)
8.61 AV_OK Oak
8.62 AV_BE Beech
8.63 AV_BI Birch
8.64 AV_PI Pine
8.65 AV_FI Fir
8.66 AV_AC Acorn
8.67 AV_VI Vine
8.68 AV_TO Tobacco
8.69 AV_ST Smoke (Tobacco)
#
9 PA Physical Acts/Materials
9.11 PA_MA to Do, Make
9.12 PA_WS Work, Labor
9.13 PA_WV to Work, Toil
9.14 PA_BN to Bend
9.15 PA_FO to Fold
9.16 PA_BI to Bind
9.17 PA_BO Bond (n)
9.18 PA_CH Chain (n)
9.19 PA_RC Rope, Cord
9.192 PA_KN Knot (n)
9.21 PA_SH to Strike, Hit, Beat
9.22 PA_CU to Cut
9.23 PA_KF Knife (tool)
9.24 PA_SS Scissors, Shears
9.25 PA_AX Ax
9.26 PA_BK to Break
9.27 PA_SP to Split
9.28 PA_TE to Tear
9.29 PA_FS to Flay, Skin
9.31 PA_RU to Rub
9.32 PA_SR to Stretch
9.33 PA_DP to Draw, Pull
9.34 PA_SO to Strew, Spread Out
9.342 PA_PR to Press
9.35 PA_PO to Pour
9.36 PA_WA to Wash
9.37 PA_SW to Sweep
9.38 PA_BM Broom
9.41 PA_CT Craft, Trade
9.412 PA_AR Art
9.42 PA_AC Artisan, Craftsman
9.422 PA_TO Tool
9.423 PA_US to Use
9.43 PA_CA Carpenter
9.44 PA_BU to Build
9.45 PA_HE to Hew
9.46 PA_BR to Bore
9.47 PA_AU Auger
9.48 PA_SA Saw (n)
9.49 PA_HA Hammer (n)
9.50 PA_NA Nail, Peg
9.51 PA_BE Beam
9.52 PA_BD Board
9.53 PA_MN Mason
9.54 PA_BC Brick
9.55 PA_MO Mortar
9.60 PA_SM Smith
9.61 PA_FG to Forge
9.62 PA_AN Anvil
9.63 PA_CM to Cast (metals)
9.64 PA_GO Gold
9.65 PA_SI Silver
9.66 PA_CO Copper, Bronze
9.67 PA_IR Iron
9.68 PA_LE Lead
9.69 PA_TT Tin, Tin-Plate
9.71 PA_PT Potter
9.72 PA_MD to Mold, Form
9.73 PA_CL Clay
7.74 PA_GL Glass
9.75 PA_PL to Plait
9.76 PA_BA Basket
9.81 PA_CV to Carve
9.82 PA_SC Sculptor
9.83 PA_ST Statue
9.84 PA_CS Chisel (n)
9.85 PA_PA to Paint (as artist)
#
10 MO Motion/Transportation
10.11 MO_MO to Move
10.12 MO_TU to Turn
10.13 MO_TA to Turn Around
10.14 MO_WW to Wind, Wrap
10.15 MO_RO to Roll
10.21 MO_RI to Rise
10.22 MO_RL to Raise, Lift
10.23 MO_FA to Fall
10.24 MO_DR to Drop
10.25 MO_TH to Throw
10.26 MO_SH to Shake
10.31 MO_BO to Boil (intrans.)
10.32 MO_FL to Flow
10.33 MO_SI to Sink
10.34 MO_FT to Float
10.35 MO_SW to Swim
10.36 MO_SA to Sail
10.37 MO_FY to Fly
10.38 MO_BL to Blow
10.41 MO_CC to Creep, Crawl
10.42 MO_SS to Slide, Slip
10.43 MO_JL to Jump, Leap
10.44 MO_DA to Dance
10.45 MO_WA to Walk
10.46 MO_RU to Run
10.47 MO_GO to Go
10.48 MO_CO to Come
10.49 MO_GA to Depart, Go Away
10.51 MO_FE to Flee
10.52 MO_FO to Follow
10.53 MO_PU to Pursue
10.54 MO_OV to Overtake
10.55 MO_AR to Reach, Arrive
10.56 MO_AP to Approach
10.57 MO_EN to Enter
10.61 MO_CA to Bear, Carry
10.62 MO_BG to Bring
10.63 MO_SE to Send
10.64 MO_LE to Lead
10.65 MO_DV to Drive
10.66 MO_RD to Ride
10.67 MO_PS to Push, Shove
10.71 MO_RA Road
10.72 MO_PA Path
10.73 MO_ST Street
10.74 MO_BR Bridge
10.75 MO_CW Cart, Wagon, Carriage
10.76 MO_WH Wheel
10.77 MO_AX Axle
10.78 MO_YO Yoke
10.81 MO_SP Ship
10.82 MO_SR Sailor
10.83 MO_BT Boat
10.84 MO_RF Raft
10.85 MO_OA Oar
10.852 MO_RW to Row
10.86 MO_RR Rudder
10.87 MO_MS Mast
10.88 MO_SL Sail (n)
10.89 MO_AN Anchor (n)
10.90 MO_HP Harbor, Port
#
11 PT Possession/Trade
11.11 PT_HA to Have
11.12 PT_OP to Own, Possess
11.13 PT_TA to Take
11.14 PT_SG to Seize, Grasp, Take Hold of
11.15 PT_HO to Hold
11.16 PT_GO to Get, Obtain
11.17 PT_KR to Keep, Retain
11.21 PT_GI to Give
11.22 PT_GB to Return, Give Back
11.23 PT_RE to Restore
11.24 PT_PR to Preserve, Keep Safe, Save
11.25 PT_SR to Save, Rescue
11.26 PT_SA Safe (adj)
11.27 PT_DE to Destroy
11.28 PT_HI to Harm, Injure, Damage
11.29 PT_SP to Spoil
11.31 PT_SE to Seek
11.32 PT_FI to Find
11.33 PT_LO to Lose
11.34 PT_RS to Release
11.41 PT_PY Property
11.42 PT_WR Wealth, Riches
11.43 PT_MO Money
11.44 PT_CO Coin
11.45 PT_PU Purse
11.46 PT_TR Treasure
11.47 PT_BA Bank
11.48 PT_HE Heir
11.51 PT_RC Rich
11.52 PT_PO Poor
11.53 PT_BG Beggar
11.54 PT_AS Avaricious, Stingy
11.55 PT_MS Miser
11.56 PT_ST to Steal
11.57 PT_TH Thief
11.58 PT_RR to Rob; Robber
11.61 PT_LD to Lend
11.62 PT_BW to Borrow
11.63 PT_OW to Owe
11.64 PT_DB Debt
11.65 PT_PA to Pay
11.66 PT_AR Account, Reckoning
11.67 PT_SC Security, Surety
11.68 PT_IT Interest
11.69 PT_TX Tax (n)
11.71 PT_IN Income
11.72 PT_EC Cost, Expense
11.73 PT_PF Gain, Profit
11.74 PT_LS Loss
11.75 PT_LR to Lease, Rent (to another)
11.76 PT_RL to Rent, Lease (from another)
11.77 PT_HR to Hire
11.78 PT_WA Wages, Pay
11.79 PT_EA to Earn
11.81 PT_BU to Buy
11.82 PT_SL to Sell
11.83 PT_TD to Trade
11.84 PT_MT Merchant, Tradesman
11.85 PT_MK Market (place)
11.86 PT_SS Store, Shop (n)
11.87 PT_PC Price
11.88 PT_DR Dear, Expensive
11.89 PT_CH Cheap
#
12 SR Spatial Relations
12.11 SR_PL Place
12.12 SR_PU to Put, Place, Set, Lay
12.13 SR_SI to Sit
12.14 SR_LI to Lie, Recline
12.15 SR_ST to Stand
12.16 SR_RM to Remain, Stay, Wait
12.17 SR_RL to Remain, be Left Over
12.18 SR_LE to Leave, Relinquish
12.19 SR_QU Quiet (adj)
12.21 SR_CG to Gather, Collect
12.22 SR_JU to Join, Unite
12.23 SR_SE to Separate
12.232 SR_DI to Divide
12.24 SR_OP to Open
12.25 SR_SH to Shut, Close
12.26 SR_CO to Cover
12.27 SR_HC to Hide, Conceal
12.31 SR_HI High
12.32 SR_LO Low
12.33 SR_TO Top
12.34 SR_BO Bottom
12.35 SR_EN End
12.352 SR_PO Point
12.353 SR_ED Edge
12.36 SR_SD Side
12.37 SR_MI Middle
12.38 SR_CT Center
12.41 SR_RI Right (vs. Left)
12.42 SR_LF Left (vs. Right)
12.43 SR_NE Near (adj)
12.44 SR_FR Far (adj)
12.45 SR_EA East
12.46 SR_WE West
12.47 SR_NO North
12.48 SR_SO South
12.51 SR_FS Form, Shape (n)
12.52 SR_SZ Size (n)
12.53 SR_GW to Grow
12.54 SR_MS to Measure
12.55 SR_XL Large, Big, Great
12.56 SR_SM Small, Little
12.57 SR_LG Long
12.58 SR_TL Tall
12.59 SR_SS Short
12.61 SR_WB Wide, Broad
12.62 SR_NR Narrow
12.63 SR_TD Thick (in Dimension)
12.64 SR_TS Thick (in Density)
12.65 SR_ND Thin (in Dimension)
12.66 SR_NS Thin (in Density)
12.67 SR_DP Deep
12.68 SR_SW Shallow
12.71 SR_FL Flat
12.72 SR_HW Hollow, Concave
12.73 SR_SG Straight
12.74 SR_CR Crooked
12.75 SR_HK Hook, Crook
12.76 SR_CN Corner, Angle
12.77 SR_CS Cross (n)
12.78 SR_SQ Square (n)
12.81 SR_RO Round (adj)
12.82 SR_CI Circle
12.83 SR_SP Sphere
12.84 SR_LN Line
12.85 SR_HL Hole
12.91 SR_EQ Equal, Alike
12.92 SR_LS Like, Similar
12.93 SR_CE to Change
12.94 SR_SN Sign (n)
#
13 QN Quantity/Number
13.11 QN_QN Quantity, Amount
13.12 QN_NU Number
13.13 QN_WH Whole
13.14 QN_EA Every, All
13.15 QN_MM Much, Many
13.16 QN_MO More
13.17 QN_LF Little, Few
13.18 QN_EN Enough
13.19 QN_MC Multitude, Crowd
13.192 QN_CW Other Collective Words
13.21 QN_FU Full
13.22 QN_EM Empty
13.23 QN_PR Part (n)
13.24 QN_HA Half
13.31 QN_NN Numerals
13.32 QN_ON One
13.33 QN_AO Alone, Only
13.34 QN_FI First
13.35 QN_LS Last
13.41 QN_TH Three
13.42 QN_TO Third (ordinal)
13.43 QN_TF a Third (fraction)
13.44 QN_TT Occurring Three Times
13.45 QN_TR Threefold, Triple
13.46 QN_TK Consisting of Three Kinds
13.47 QN_CT Consisting of Three Together
13.48 QN_GT Group of Three
13.51 QN_BT By Threes
13.52 QN_TP Three Apiece
13.53 QN_MI Miscellaneous
#
14 TI Time
14.11 TI_TI Time (period)
14.12 TI_AG Age
14.13 TI_NW New
14.14 TI_YG Young
14.15 TI_OL Old
14.16 TI_EA Early (adv)
14.17 TI_LT Late (adv)
14.18 TI_NO Now
14.19 TI_SI Soon, Immediately
14.21 TI_SW Swift, Fast, Quick
14.22 TI_SL Slow (adj)
14.23 TI_HH to Hasten, Hurry
14.24 TI_DE to Delay
14.25 TI_BB to Begin; Beginning
14.252 TI_LS to Last
14.26 TI_EN End (n, temporal)
14.27 TI_FI to Finish
14.28 TI_CE to Cease
14.29 TI_RE Ready (adj)
14.31 TI_AL Always
14.32 TI_OF Often
14.33 TI_ST Sometimes
14.34 TI_NV Never
14.35 TI_AN Again
14.41 TI_DA Day
14.42 TI_NG Night
14.43 TI_DW Dawn
14.44 TI_MG Morning
14.45 TI_NN Noon
14.46 TI_EV Evening
14.47 TI_TD Today
14.48 TI_TM Tomorrow
14.49 TI_YD Yesterday
14.51 TI_HR Hour
14.52 TI_MS Minute, Second
14.53 TI_CW Clock, Watch
14.61 TI_WK Week
14.62 TI_SU Sunday
14.63 TI_MO Monday
14.64 TI_TU Tuesday
14.65 TI_WE Wednesday
14.66 TI_TH Thursday
14.67 TI_FR Friday
14.68 TI_SA Saturday
14.71 TI_MT Month
14.72 TI_NM Names of the Months
14.73 TI_YR Year
14.74 TI_WI Winter
14.75 TI_SP Spring
14.76 TI_SM Summer
14.77 TI_AU Autumn
14.78 TI_SN Season
#
15 SP Sense Perception
15.11 SP_PS to Sense, Perceive; Sense
15.21 SP_VS to Smell (subj) # (a.k.a. personal, trans.)
15.22 SP_VO to Smell (obj) # (a.k.a. impersonal, intrans.)
15.23 SP_SS Smell (n, subj) # (a.k.a. personal)
15.24 SP_SB Smell (n, obj) # (a.k.a. impersonal)
15.25 SP_GS Good Smelling, Fragrant
15.26 SP_BD Bad Smelling, Stinking
15.31 SP_TJ to Taste (subj)
15.32 SP_TT to Taste (obj)
15.33 SP_TO Taste (n, subj)
15.34 SP_TS Taste (n, obj)
15.35 SP_ST Sweet
15.36 SP_SA Salty
15.37 SP_BI Bitter
15.38 SP_AC Acidic, Sour
15.41 SP_HE to Hear
15.42 SP_LI to Listen, Harken
15.43 SP_HG Hearing (n)
15.44 SP_SO Sound (n)
15.45 SP_LD Loud
15.51 SP_SE to See
15.52 SP_LO to Look
15.53 SP_SI Sight (subj)
15.54 SP_SG Sight (obj), Look (obj), Appearance
15.55 SP_SW to Show
15.56 SP_SH to Shine, Glisten
15.57 SP_BR Bright
15.61 SP_CO Color
15.62 SP_LC Light in Color
15.63 SP_DC Dark in Color
15.64 SP_WH White
15.65 SP_BK Black
15.66 SP_RD Red
15.67 SP_BL Blue
15.68 SP_GR Green
15.69 SP_YL Yellow
15.71 SP_TV to Touch
15.72 SP_FO to Feel of
15.73 SP_TC Touch (n)
15.74 SP_HA Hard
15.75 SP_SF Soft
15.76 SP_RG Rough
15.77 SP_SM Smooth
15.78 SP_SP Sharp
15.79 SP_LL Blunt, Dull
15.81 SP_HV Heavy, Weighty
15.82 SP_LW Light, Nimble
15.83 SP_WD Wet, Damp
15.84 SP_DR Dry, Arid
15.85 SP_HW Hot, Warm
15.86 SP_CD Cold, Frigid
15.87 SP_CN Clean, Pure
15.88 SP_DS Dirty, Soiled
#
16 EM Emotion
16.11 EM_SS Soul, Spirit
16.12 EM_EF Emotion, Feeling
16.13 EM_PA Passion
16.14 EM_CA Care (n)
16.15 EM_WA Wonder, Astonishment
16.16 EM_SU Surprise
16.17 EM_FO Fortune (Good or Bad)
16.18 EM_GF Good Fortune
16.19 EM_MF Misfortune
16.21 EM_PL to Please
16.212 EM_PP Please in Polite Phrases
16.22 EM_JY Joy
16.23 EM_JG Glad, Joyful
16.24 EM_HH Happy; Happiness
16.25 EM_LS to Laugh, Smile
16.26 EM_PV to Play
16.27 EM_LO to Love; Love
16.28 EM_DR Dear
16.29 EM_KS to Kiss
16.31 EM_PS Pain, Suffering
16.32 EM_GS Grief, Sorrow
16.33 EM_AN Anxiety
16.34 EM_RR to Regret, Repent
16.35 EM_PT Pity (n)
16.36 EM_SA Sad
16.37 EM_CW to Cry, Weep
16.38 EM_TR Tear (n)
16.39 EM_GR to Groan
16.41 EM_HT Hate (n)
16.42 EM_AG Anger
16.43 EM_RF Rage, Fury
16.44 EM_EJ Envy, Jealousy
16.45 EM_SH Shame (n)
16.46 EM_HO Honor (n)
16.47 EM_GL Glory, Fame
16.48 EM_PD Proud
16.51 EM_DA to Dare
16.52 EM_BR Brave, Courageous
16.53 EM_FF Fear, Fright
16.54 EM_DG Danger, Peril
16.55 EM_TC Timid, Cowardly
16.61 EM_WW to Will, Wish
16.62 EM_DE to Desire
16.63 EM_HP Hope (n)
16.64 EM_TH Thanks (n)
16.65 EM_FL Faithful
16.66 EM_TE True
16.67 EM_LI Lie, Falsehood
16.68 EM_DC Deceit
16.69 EM_FG to Forgive
16.71 EM_GD Good
16.72 EM_BD Bad
16.73 EM_RI Right (adj)
16.74 EM_WR Wrong (adj)
16.75 EM_SN Sin, Impiety
16.76 EM_FA Fault, Guilt
16.77 EM_ME Mistake, Error
16.78 EM_BL Blame (n)
16.79 EM_PR Praise (n)
16.81 EM_BF Beautiful
16.82 EM_UG Ugly
#
17 MT Mind/Thought
17.11 MT_MI Mind
17.12 MT_IR Intelligence, Reason
17.13 MT_TR to Think, Reflect
17.14 MT_TO to Think, be of the Opinion
17.15 MT_BE to Believe
17.16 MT_UN to Understand
17.17 MT_KN to Know
17.18 MT_SE to Seem
17.19 MT_IN Idea, Notion
17.21 MT_WI Wise
17.22 MT_FS Foolish, Stupid
17.23 MT_IM Insane, Mad, Crazy
17.24 MT_LE to Learn
17.242 MT_ST to Study
17.25 MT_TE to Teach
17.26 MT_PU Pupil
17.27 MT_TC Teacher
17.28 MT_SC School
17.31 MT_RM to Remember
17.32 MT_FR to Forget
17.33 MT_ME Meaning
17.34 MT_CP Clear, Plain (to the Mind)
17.35 MT_OB Obscure
17.36 MT_SR Secret
17.37 MT_SN Sure, Certain
17.38 MT_EX to Explain
17.39 MT_SV to Solve
17.41 MT_IP Intention, Purpose
17.42 MT_CA Cause, Reason
17.43 MT_DB Doubt (n)
17.44 MT_SU Suspicion
#
18 LM Language/Music
18.11 LM_VO Voice (n)
18.12 LM_SG to Sing
18.13 LM_SC to Shout, Cry Out
18.14 LM_VC Various Cries
18.21 LM_ST to Speak, Talk
18.22 LM_SY to Say
18.23 LM_BS to be Silent
18.24 LM_LG Language
18.25 LM_DC Dialect
18.26 LM_WR Word
18.27 LM_DI Glossary, Dictionary
18.28 LM_NA Name
18.31 LM_AQ to Question, Inquire
18.32 LM_AW to Answer
18.33 LM_AC to Admit, Confess
18.34 LM_DY to Deny
18.35 LM_AR to Ask, Request
18.36 LM_PR to Promise
18.37 LM_RF to Refuse, Forbid
18.41 LM_CS to Call, Summon
18.42 LM_CN to Call, Name
18.43 LM_AN to Announce
18.44 LM_TH to Threaten
18.45 LM_BO to Boast
18.51 LM_WE to Write
18.52 LM_RD to Read
18.53 LM_LA Letter of the Alphabet
18.54 LM_LE Letter, Epistle
18.55 LM_TB Tablet
18.56 LM_PP Paper
18.57 LM_PN Pen
18.58 LM_IN Ink
18.59 LM_PC Pencil
18.61 LM_BK Book
18.62 LM_PG Page
18.63 LM_LI Line (n)
18.64 LM_PT to Print
18.65 LM_LT Literature
18.66 LM_AU Author, Writer
18.67 LM_PO Poet
#
19 SO Social Relations
19.11 SO_EC Country ("European")
19.12 SO_NA One's Native Country
19.13 SO_CT Country (vs. Town)
19.14 SO_RT Region, Territory
19.15 SO_CI City, Town
19.21 SO_PP People, Populace
19.22 SO_PN a People, Nation
19.23 SO_TC Tribe, Clan, Family
19.31 SO_RG to Rule, Govern
19.32 SO_KK King
19.33 SO_QQ Queen
19.34 SO_EM Emperor
19.35 SO_JJ Prince
19.352 SO_NN Other Titles of Nobility
19.36 SO_NO Noble, Nobleman
19.37 SO_CZ Citizen
19.38 SO_SU Subject (n)
19.41 SO_MA Master
19.42 SO_SL Slave
19.43 SO_ST Servant
19.44 SO_FE Free (adj)
19.45 SO_CR to Command, Order
19.46 SO_OB to Obey
19.47 SO_LT to Let, Permit
19.48 SO_CO to Compel
19.51 SO_FR Friend
19.52 SO_EN Foe, Enemy
19.53 SO_CM Companion
19.54 SO_NE Neighbor
19.55 SO_SG Stranger
19.56 SO_GU Guest
19.57 SO_HO Host
19.58 SO_HA to Help, Aid
19.59 SO_HP to Hinder, Prevent
19.61 SO_CU Custom, Usage
19.62 SO_SQ Strife, Quarrel
19.63 SO_PL Plot, Conspiracy
19.64 SO_CN Common (adj)
19.65 SO_ME to Meet
19.71 SO_NT Members of a Trade or Profession
19.72 SO_WP Whore, Prostitute
#
20 WH Warfare/Hunting
20.11 WH_FI to Fight
20.12 WH_BT Battle (n)
20.13 WH_WR War
20.132 WH_EN Enemy (in War)
20.14 WH_PC Peace
20.15 WH_AR Army
20.16 WH_FL Fleet
20.17 WH_SO Soldier
20.18 WH_GN General
20.19 WH_AD Admiral
20.21 WH_WA Weapons, Arms
20.22 WH_CL Club
20.23 WH_BA Battle-Ax
20.24 WH_BW Bow
20.25 WH_AW Arrow
20.26 WH_SP Spear
20.27 WH_SW Sword
20.28 WH_GC Gun, Cannon
20.29 WH_GP Gunpowder
20.31 WH_AM Armor
20.32 WH_BC Breastplate, Corslet
20.33 WH_HM Helmet
20.34 WH_SH Shield
20.35 WH_FT Fortress
20.36 WH_TW Tower
20.41 WH_VI Victory
20.42 WH_DF Defeat (n)
20.43 WH_AT Attack (n)
20.44 WH_DS Defense
20.45 WH_RT Retreat (n)
20.46 WH_SU to Surrender
20.47 WH_CP Captive, Prisoner
20.48 WH_BS Booty, Spoils
20.49 WH_AB Ambush (n)
#
21 LJ Law/Judgment
21.11 LJ_SL Special Law
21.12 LJ_GL General Law
21.13 LJ_LS Lawsuit
21.14 LJ_LW Lawyer
21.15 LJ_CO Court
21.16 LJ_JG to Judge
21.162 LJ_DE to Decide
21.17 LJ_JM Judgment
21.18 LJ_JD Judge (n)
21.21 LJ_PL Plaintiff
21.22 LJ_DF Defendant
21.23 LJ_WT Witness (n)
21.24 LJ_SW to Swear
21.25 LJ_OA Oath
21.31 LJ_AC to Accuse
21.32 LJ_CN to Condemn
21.33 LJ_CV to Convict
21.34 LJ_AQ to Acquit
21.35 LJ_GU Guilty
21.36 LJ_IN Innocent
21.37 LJ_PN Penalty, Punishment
21.38 LJ_FI Fine, Settlement
21.39 LJ_PJ Prison, Jail
21.41 LJ_CR Crime, Misdeed
21.42 LJ_MR Murder, Homicide
21.43 LJ_AD Adultery
21.44 LJ_RP Rape, Violation
21.45 LJ_TH Theft
21.46 LJ_AR Arson
21.47 LJ_PY Perjury
#
22 RB Religion/Beliefs
22.11 RB_RE Religion
22.12 RB_GD God
22.13 RB_TM Temple
22.14 RB_AL Altar
22.15 RB_SO Sacrifice, Offering
22.16 RB_WO to Worship
22.17 RB_PY to Pray
22.18 RB_PR Priest
22.182 RB_CL Clergyman, Minister, Parson etc.
22.183 RB_MO Monk
22.184 RB_NU Nun
22.19 RB_HS Holy, Sacred
22.21 RB_CH Church
22.22 RB_PC to Preach
22.23 RB_BL to Bless
22.24 RB_CU to Curse
22.25 RB_BP to Baptize
22.26 RB_FA to Fast
22.31 RB_HE Heaven
22.32 RB_HL Hell
22.33 RB_AN Angel
22.34 RB_DE Devil
22.35 RB_DM Demon, Evil Spirit
22.36 RB_PH Pagan, Heathen (n)
22.37 RB_ID Idol
22.41 RB_SS Superstition
22.42 RB_MW Magic, Witchcraft, Sorcery
22.43 RB_WS Witch, Sorceress
22.44 RB_FR Fairy, Elf, Nymph
22.45 RB_GP Ghost, Specter, Phantom
22.46 RB_GS Guardian Spirit
22.47 RB_OM Omen
# **** Section 3 ****
# This section declares the codes and full-form values for the Sources
# of PIE/reflex data. The codes in column 1, usually initials, may be
# displayed on web pages showing the [raw] data; the values in column 2
# are short citations, usually personal names with publication titles.
AHD Calvert Watkins. The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. 2000.
ASD John R.C. Hall. A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, 4th ed. 1960.
CDD Cassell's English-Dutch, Dutch-English Dictionary. 1978.
CID Cassell's Italian Dictionary. 1958.
CLD Cassell's Latin Dictionary. 1968 (1959).
DEO Hermann Vinterberg and C.A. Bodelsen. Dansk-Engelsk Ordbog, 2 vol's. 1966.
DRM Norman Bird. The Distribution of Indo-European Root Morphemes. 1982.
DSS Carl Darling Buck. A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms... 1949.
EIE J.P. Mallory and D.Q. Adams, eds. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. 1997.
GE Colin Mark. The Gaelic-English Dictionary. 2003.
GED Winfred P. Lehmann. A Gothic Etymological Dictionary. 1986.
HH Heinrich Hübschmann. Armenische Grammatik. 1897.
IED Patrick S. Dinneen. An Irish-English Dictionary. 1927.
IEO Arngrimur Sigurdsson. Íslenzk-Ensk Orðabók. 1970.
IEW Julius Pokorny. Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, vol. 1. 1959.
LD Bronius Piesarskas and Bronius Svecevicius. Lithuanian Dictionary. 1994.
LE Eizenija Turkina. Latvian-English Dictionary. 1973.
LRC Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin.
LS Liddell and Scott. Greek-English Lexicon, 7th ed. 1889 (revised 2001).
MT Matthias Lexers Mittelhochdeutsches Taschenwörterbuch. 1983.
NCG Langenscheidt's New College German Dictionary. 1995.
NEO Einar Haugen. Norwegian-English Dictionary. 1965.
R1 Josette Rey-Debove and Alain Rey, eds. Le Nouveau Petit Robert. 1993.
RPN Allan R. Bomhard. Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic, vol. 2. 2002.
Sal Diccionario Salamanca de la Lengua Española. 1996.
SEO Norstedts Stora Svensk-Engelska Ordbok, 3rd ed. 2000.
W7 Merriam Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary. 1963.
WAS Gerhard Köbler. Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen Sprachschatzes. 1993.
WE H. Meurig Evans and W.O. Thomas. Welsh-English, English-Welsh Dictionary. 1969.
# **** Section 4 ****
# This section declares the abbreviations and full-form values for
# grammatical features, including parts of speech. The abbreviations
# in column 1 are used for coding PIE reflex words; the "full forms"
# in column 2 are displayed in the web pages derived therefrom.
# Parts of speech:
n noun
pron pronoun
vb verb
adj adjective
adv adverb(ial)
prep preposition
post postposition
art article
conj conjunction
interj interjection
tit title
idm idiom
cont contraction
nbr number
num numeral
subst substantive
stem stem
end ending
pfx prefix
nfx infix
sfx suffix
afx affix
# All other features:
1 1st person
2 2nd person
3 3rd person
abl ablative (case)
acc accusative (case)
act active (voice)
anom anomalous/indeclinable
aor aorist (tense)
attr attributive # e.g. my, your...
aux auxiliary # [verb]
card cardinal # [num]
caus causative
comm common (gender)
comp comparative # [adj, adv]
cmpd compound
conn connective
coord coordinating # [conj]
dat dative (case)
def definite # [art]
defc defective
dem demonstrative # [pron]
denom denominative
dep deponent
desc descriptive
dim diminutive
dual dual (number)
enc enclitic
excl exclamation
fem feminine (gender)
fut future (tense)
gen genitive (case)
ger gerund(ive) # [verb]
I class 1 #
II class 2 # (inflection)
III class 3 #
IV class 4 #
impf imperfect (aspect)
imp imperative (mood)
indec indeclinable/anomalous
ind indicative (mood)
indef indefinite # [art]
inf infinitive # [verb]
infl inflected
inst instrumental (case)
int interrogative (mood)
intrans intransitive # [verb]
irr irregular
iter iterative (mood)
loc locative (case)
masc masculine (gender)
mid middle (voice)
mod modal # [verb]
neut neuter (gender)
nom nominative (case)
obl oblique (case)
opt optative (mood)
ord ordinal # [num]
ptc participle
pcl particle
pass passive (voice)
past past (tense)
perf perfect (aspect)
pers personal
plupf pluperfect (aspect)
pl plural (number)
pos positive # [adj]
poss possessive (case) # [adj, pron]
pred predicative # e.g. mine, yours...
pres present (tense)
pret preterite (tense)
ptpr preterite-present (verb)
priv privative (i.e., negative)
prop proper # [n, adj]
refl reflexive # [pron]
rel relative # [pron]
sg singular (number)
str strong (inflection)
subj subjunctive (mood)
subord subordinating # [conj]
sup superlative # [adj, adv]
trans transitive # [verb]
ua used as
V class 5 #
VI class 6 # (inflection)
VII class 7 #
VIII class 8 #
voc vocative (case)
wk weak (inflection)
# **** Section 5 ****
# This section declares the "simple" records, each having a single field/value.
# NOTE: All names in the 2nd column are FROZEN -- only their abbreviations in
# the FIRST column may be changed, unless the Perl script IETemplate.pl is
# changed as well! Letter case [Capitalization] is significant!
#
1 Root # Pokorny
2 Gloss # for Root
3 Glottalic # root
4a Cons_a # first consonant
4b Cons_b # required; possibly last
4c Cons_c # possibly last, if present
4d Cons_d # definitely last, if present
#z Cons_z # RESERVED: '4z' is FROZEN: "last consonant" [yes: this is a comment line]
5 Sem_Cat # Semantic Category
6 Remark # documentation for the linguist
# At present, records of type 7-9 are not allocated.
# **** Section 6 ****
# This section documents the sub-fields of the "tuple" records (below).
# NOTE: All names in the 2nd column are FROZEN -- only their abbreviations
# in the FIRST column may be changed, unless the Perl script IETemplate.pl
# is changed as well! Letter case [here, all lower] is significant!
#
# Normally, only the gloss [at the end of a line] may contain true whitespace,
# whereas the other fields must contain an underscore ('_') where a whitespace
# is desired. However, parentheses (and, in Windows ANSI, curly-quote marks)
# may be used as field delimiters to escape this constraint; these delimiters
# are illustrated in the comments, below:
#
f family # of tongues
t tongue # i.e., language
w word # “the reflex word, or words separated by commas”
p pos # part-of-speech, and other morpho-syntactic info
c comment # (notations that are inappropriate elsewhere)
s source # code (initials) for source of this reflex word/gloss
g gloss # ‘usually, everything to the end of the line’
# **** Section 7 ****
# This section defines the "tuple" records, which conjoin multiple values
# using the sub-fields named above; it also serves to associate family (f)
# sub-fields, matching those in Section 1 with 2-digit "tuple" record types.
#
# Square brackets [,] signal a value that is read from the input.
# Curly braces {,} signal a value to be copied from another field,
# whose name appears in Section 6 above. Any other value is a default.
# Periods (.) abbreviating default values are discarded.
#
# In a PIE entry, each "tuple" record type (10-24) is optional, except perhaps
# for English (15). There may be multiple "tuple" records of a given type and
# even tongue.
#
10 f=Baltic t=[tongue] w=[word] p=[pos] s=[source] g=[gloss]
11 f=Slavic t=[tongue] w=[word] p=[pos] s=[source] g=[gloss]
12 f=E-Germanic t=[tongue] w=[word] p=[pos] s=[source] g=[gloss]
13 f=N-Germanic t=[tongue] w=[word] p=[pos] s=[source] g=[gloss]
14 f=W-Germanic t=[tongue] w=[word] p=[pos] s=[source] g=[gloss]
15 f=English t=[tongue] w=[word] p=[pos] s=[source] g={word}
16 f=Anatolian t=[tongue] w=[word] p=[pos] s=[source] g=[gloss]
17 f=Italic t=[tongue] w=[word] p=[pos] s=[source] g=[gloss]
18 f=Celtic t=[tongue] w=[word] p=[pos] s=[source] g=[gloss]
19 f=Tocharian t=[tongue] w=[word] p=[pos] s=[source] g=[gloss]
20 f=Hellenic t=[tongue] w=[word] p=[pos] s=[source] g=[gloss]
21 f=Armenian t=Arm. w=[word] p=[pos] s=[source] g=[gloss]
22 f=Indic t=[tongue] w=[word] p=[pos] s=[source] g=[gloss]
23 f=Iranian t=[tongue] w=[word] p=[pos] s=[source] g=[gloss]
24 f=Albanian t=Alb. w=[word] p=[pos] s=[source] g=[gloss]
# At present, no "tuple" records of type 25+ are allocated!
# **** Section 8 ****
# This section defines the special character encodings for letters in the Hellenic
# script. A letter-changing combination in a root/word must be contiguous, so
# that the combination precedes any diacritics that modify the resulting letter.
#
# The 1st column represents the ISO-8859-1 output character renderings.
# [Processing issue: must(?) map col. 1 from UTF-8 codes to ISO-8859-1.]
# The 2nd column represents the Unicode 2 output character renderings.
# The 3rd column represents the Unicode 3 output character renderings.
#
# The 4th column defines input combinations of character and <modifier>.
# Defined combinations MUST begin with a letter (A-Z). These encodings are
# all CASE SENSITIVE. See Section 14 for "Polytonic Greek" character codes.
#
A Α Α A<H> U+0391 : Greek capital letter ALPHA
B Β Β B<H> U+0392 : Greek capital letter BETA
G Γ Γ G<H> U+0393 : Greek capital letter GAMMA
D Δ Δ D<H> U+0394 : Greek capital letter DELTA
E Ε Ε E<H> U+0395 : Greek capital letter EPSILON
Z Ζ Ζ Z<H> U+0396 : Greek capital letter ZETA
Ê Η Η H<H> U+0397 : Greek capital letter ETA
Th Θ Θ Q<H> U+0398 : Greek capital letter THETA
I Ι Ι I<H> U+0399 : Greek capital letter IOTA
K Κ Κ K<H> U+039A : Greek capital letter KAPPA
L Λ Λ L<H> U+039B : Greek capital letter LAMBDA
M Μ Μ M<H> U+039C : Greek capital letter MU
N Ν Ν N<H> U+039D : Greek capital letter NU
X Ξ Ξ C<H> U+039E : Greek capital letter XI
O Ο Ο O<H> U+039F : Greek capital letter OMICRON
P Π Π P<H> U+03A0 : Greek capital letter PI
R Ρ Ρ R<H> U+03A1 : Greek capital letter RHO
S Σ Σ S<H> U+03A3 : Greek capital letter SIGMA
T Τ Τ T<H> U+03A4 : Greek capital letter TAU
U Υ Υ U<H> U+03A5 : Greek capital letter UPSILON
Ph Φ Φ F<H> U+03A6 : Greek capital letter PHI
Ch Χ Χ X<H> U+03A7 : Greek capital letter CHI
Ps Ψ Ψ Y<H> U+03A8 : Greek capital letter PSI
Ô Ω Ω W<H> U+03A9 : Greek capital letter OMEGA
F Ϝ Ϝ V<H> U+03DC : Greek letter digamma [capital]
#
a α α a<H> U+03B1 : Greek small letter alpha
b β β b<H> U+03B2 : Greek small letter beta
g γ γ g<H> U+03B3 : Greek small letter gamma
d δ δ d<H> U+03B4 : Greek small letter delta
e ε ε e<H> U+03B5 : Greek small letter epsilon
z ζ ζ z<H> U+03B6 : Greek small letter zeta
ê η η h<H> U+03B7 : Greek small letter eta
th θ θ q<H> U+03B8 : Greek small letter theta
i ι ι i<H> U+03B9 : Greek small letter iota
k κ κ k<H> U+03BA : Greek small letter kappa
l λ λ l<H> U+03BB : Greek small letter lambda
m μ μ m<H> U+03BC : Greek small letter mu
n ν ν n<H> U+03BD : Greek small letter nu
x ξ ξ c<H> U+03BE : Greek small letter xi
o ο ο o<H> U+03BF : Greek small letter omicron
p π π p<H> U+03C0 : Greek small letter pi
r ρ ρ r<H> U+03C1 : Greek small letter rho
s ς ς j<H> U+03C2 : Greek small letter final sigma
s σ σ s<H> U+03C3 : Greek small letter sigma
t τ τ t<H> U+03C4 : Greek small letter tau
u υ υ u<H> U+03C5 : Greek small letter upsilon
ph φ φ f<H> U+03C6 : Greek small letter phi
ch χ χ x<H> U+03C7 : Greek small letter chi
ps ψ ψ y<H> U+03C8 : Greek small letter psi
ô ω ω w<H> U+03C9 : Greek small letter omega
# **** Section 9 ****
# This section defines the special character encodings for letters in the Cyrillic
# [Slavic] script. A letter-changing combination in a root/word must be contiguous,
# so that the combination precedes any diacritics that modify the resulting letter.
#
# The 1st column represents the ISO-8859-1 output character renderings.
# [Processing issue: must(?) map col. 1 from UTF-8 codes to ISO-8859-1.]
# The 2nd column represents the Unicode 2 output character renderings.
# The 3rd column represents the Unicode 3 output character renderings.
#
# The 4th column defines input combinations of character and <modifier>.
# Defined combinations MUST begin with a letter (A-Z) or underscore.
# These encodings are all CASE SENSITIVE.
#
A А А A<S> U+0410 : Cyrillic capital letter A
a а а a<S> U+0430 : Cyrillic small letter a
B Б Б B<S> U+0411 : Cyrillic capital letter BE
b б б b<S> U+0431 : Cyrillic small letter be
V В В V<S> U+0412 : Cyrillic capital letter VE
v в в v<S> U+0432 : Cyrillic small letter ve
G Г Г G<S> U+0413 : Cyrillic capital letter GHE
g г г g<S> U+0433 : Cyrillic small letter ghe
D Д Д D<S> U+0414 : Cyrillic capital letter DE
d д д d<S> U+0434 : Cyrillic small letter de
E Е Е E<S> U+0415 : Cyrillic capital letter IE
e е е e<S> U+0435 : Cyrillic small letter ie
Je Ѥ Ѥ E<Si> U+0464 : Cyrillic capital letter iotified E
je ѥ ѥ e<Si> U+0465 : Cyrillic small letter iotified e
e є є e<S3> U+0454 : Cyrillic small letter Ukrainian ie
Zh Ж Ж Z<S2> U+0416 : Cyrillic capital letter ZHE
zh ж ж z<S2> U+0436 : Cyrillic small letter zhe
Z З З Z<S> U+0417 : Cyrillic capital letter ZE
z з з z<S> U+0437 : Cyrillic small letter ze
Dz Ѕ Ѕ S<Sr> U+0405 : Cyrillic capital letter DZE
dz ѕ ѕ s<Sr> U+0455 : Cyrillic small letter dze
I И И I<S> U+0418 : Cyrillic capital letter I
i и и i<S> U+0438 : Cyrillic small letter i
Ji Й Й J<S> U+0419 : Cyrillic capital letter Short I
ji й й j<S> U+0439 : Cyrillic small letter short i
I І І I<Sr> U+0406 : Cyrillic capital letter Byelorussian-Ukrainian I
i і і i<Sr> U+0456 : Cyrillic small letter Byelorussian-Ukrainian i
G' Ћ Ћ H<Sr> U+040B : Cyrillic capital letter TSHE
g' ћ ћ h<Sr> U+045B : Cyrillic small letter tshe
K К К K<S> U+041A : Cyrillic capital letter KA
k к к k<S> U+043A : Cyrillic small letter ka
L Л Л L<S> U+041B : Cyrillic capital letter EL
l л л l<S> U+043B : Cyrillic small letter el
M М М M<S> U+041C : Cyrillic capital letter EM
m м м m<S> U+043C : Cyrillic small letter em
N Н Н N<S> U+041D : Cyrillic capital letter EN
n н н n<S> U+043D : Cyrillic small letter en
O О О O<S> U+041E : Cyrillic capital letter O
o о о o<S> U+043E : Cyrillic small letter o
O Ѡ Ѡ W<S> U+0460 : Cyrillic capital letter OMEGA
o ѡ ѡ w<S> U+0461 : Cyrillic small letter omega
O Ѿ Ѿ W<S2> U+047E : Cyrillic capital letter OT
o ѿ ѿ w<S2> U+047F : Cyrillic small letter ot
P П П P<S> U+041F : Cyrillic capital letter PE
p п п p<S> U+043F : Cyrillic small letter pe
R Р Р R<S> U+0420 : Cyrillic capital letter ER
r р р r<S> U+0440 : Cyrillic small letter er
S С С S<S> U+0421 : Cyrillic capital letter ES
s с с s<S> U+0441 : Cyrillic small letter es
T Т Т T<S> U+0422 : Cyrillic capital letter TE
t т т t<S> U+0442 : Cyrillic small letter te
U У У U<S> U+0423 : Cyrillic capital letter U
u у у u<S> U+0443 : Cyrillic small letter u
U Ѹ Ѹ O<Sy> U+0478 : Cyrillic capital letter UK
u ѹ ѹ o<Sy> U+0479 : Cyrillic small letter uk
F Ф Ф F<S> U+0424 : Cyrillic capital letter EF
f ф ф f<S> U+0444 : Cyrillic small letter ef
Th Ѳ Ѳ Q<S2> U+0472 : Cyrillic capital letter FITA
th ѳ ѳ q<S2> U+0473 : Cyrillic small letter fita
Kh Х Х X<S> U+0425 : Cyrillic capital letter HA
kh х х x<S> U+0445 : Cyrillic small letter ha
Sht Щ Щ S<S3> U+0429 : Cyrillic capital letter SHCHA
sht щ щ s<S3> U+0449 : Cyrillic small letter shcha
Ts Ц Ц C<S> U+0426 : Cyrillic capital letter TSE
ts ц ц c<S> U+0446 : Cyrillic small letter tse
Tch Ч Ч C<S2> U+0427 : Cyrillic capital letter CHE
tch ч ч c<S2> U+0447 : Cyrillic small letter che
Sh Ш Ш S<S2> U+0428 : Cyrillic capital letter SHA
sh ш ш s<S2> U+0448 : Cyrillic small letter sha
U' Ъ Ъ I<S3> U+042A : Cyrillic capital letter Hard Sign # = Back Jer
u' ъ ъ i<S3> U+044A : Cyrillic small letter hard sign # = back jer
Y Ы Ы Y<S> U+042B : Cyrillic capital letter YERU
y ы ы y<S> U+044B : Cyrillic small letter yeru
I' Ь Ь I<S6> U+042C : Cyrillic capital letter Soft Sign # = Front Jer
i' ь ь i<S6> U+044C : Cyrillic small letter soft sign # = front jer
Je' Ѣ Ѣ Y<S2> U+0462 : Cyrillic capital letter YAT
je' ѣ ѣ y<S2> U+0463 : Cyrillic small letter yat
E Э Э E<S2> U+042D : Cyrillic capital letter E
e э э e<S2> U+044D : Cyrillic small letter e
Ju Ю Ю O<Si> U+042E : Cyrillic capital letter YU
ju ю ю o<Si> U+044E : Cyrillic small letter yu
Ja Я Я A<S2> U+042F : Cyrillic capital letter YA
ja я я a<S2> U+044F : Cyrillic small letter ya
E^ Ѧ Ѧ A<S1> U+0466 : Cyrillic capital letter Little YUS
e^ ѧ ѧ a<S1> U+0467 : Cyrillic small letter little yus
Je^ Ѩ Ѩ A<Si> U+0468 : Cyrillic capital letter iotified Little YUS
je^ ѩ ѩ a<Si> U+0469 : Cyrillic small letter iotified little yus
O^ Ѫ Ѫ U<S1> U+046A : Cyrillic capital letter Big YUS
o^ ѫ ѫ u<S1> U+046B : Cyrillic small letter big yus
Jo^ Ѭ Ѭ U<Si> U+046C : Cyrillic capital letter iotified Big YUS
jo^ ѭ ѭ u<Si> U+046D : Cyrillic small letter iotified big yus
Ks Ѯ Ѯ X<S2> U+046E : Cyrillic capital letter KSI
ks ѯ ѯ x<S2> U+046F : Cyrillic small letter ksi
Ps Ѱ Ѱ P<S2> U+0470 : Cyrillic capital letter PSI
ps ѱ ѱ p<S2> U+0471 : Cyrillic small letter psi
I Ѵ Ѵ V<Sr> U+0474 : Cyrillic capital letter IZHITSA
i ѵ ѵ v<Sr> U+0475 : Cyrillic small letter izhitsa
J Ј Ј J<Sr> U+0408 : Cyrillic capital letter JE
j ј ј j<Sr> U+0458 : Cyrillic small letter je
' ҄ ҄ _<S> U+0484 : combining Cyrillic palatalization
# _<S0> U+ : transliteration palatalization
# **** Section 10 ****
# This section defines the special character encodings for words in the Latin
# script. A letter-changing combination in a root/word must be contiguous, so
# that the combination precedes any diacritics that modify the resulting letter.
#
# The 1st column represents the ISO-8859-1 output character renderings.
# [Processing issue: must(?) map col. 1 from UTF-8 codes to ISO-8859-1.]
# The 2nd column represents the Unicode 2 output character renderings.
# The 3rd column represents the Unicode 3 output character renderings.
#
# The 4th column defines input combinations of character and <modifier>.
# Defined combinations MUST begin with a letter (A-Z) or digit. These
# encodings are all CASE SENSITIVE.
#
Æ Æ Æ A<e> U+00C6 : Latin capital letter AE # ligature
Æ Ǽ Ǽ A<e/A> U+01FC : Latin capital letter AE with acute
Æ Ǣ Ǣ A<e/M> U+01E2 : Latin capital letter AE with macron
Ð Ð Ð D<h> U+00D0 : Latin capital letter Eth
OE ΠΠO<e> U+0152 : Latin capital ligature OE
Þ Þ Þ T<h> U+00DE : Latin capital letter Thorn
#
æ æ æ a<e> U+00E6 : Latin small letter ae # ligature
æ ǽ ǽ a<e/A> U+01FD : Latin small letter ae with acute
æ ǣ ǣ a<e/M> U+01E3 : Latin small letter ae with macron
ð ð ð d<h> U+00F0 : Latin small letter eth
hv ƕ ƕ h<v> U+0195 : Latin small letter hv # ligature
oe œ œ o<e> U+0153 : Latin small ligature oe
ß ß ß s<z> U+00DF : Latin small letter sharp s # = Eszett
þ þ þ t<h> U+00FE : Latin small letter thorn
#
#B Ɓ Ɓ B<h> U+0181 : Latin capital letter B with hook
#C Ƈ Ƈ C<h> U+0187 : Latin capital letter C with hook
#D Ɗ Ɗ D<h> U+018A : Latin capital letter D with hook
#F Ƒ Ƒ F<h> U+0191 : Latin capital letter F with hook
#G Ɠ Ɠ G<h> U+0193 : Latin capital letter G with hook
#K Ƙ Ƙ K<h> U+0198 : Latin capital letter K with hook
#P Ƥ Ƥ P<h> U+01A4 : Latin capital letter P with hook
#T Ƭ Ƭ T<h> U+01AC : Latin capital letter T with hook
#V Ʋ Ʋ V<h> U+01B2 : Latin capital letter V with hook
#Y Ƴ Ƴ Y<h> U+01B3 : Latin capital letter Y with hook
#
#b ɓ ɓ b<h> U+0253 : Latin small letter b with hook
#c ƈ ƈ c<h> U+0188 : Latin small letter c with hook
#d ɗ ɗ d<h> U+0257 : Latin small letter d with hook
#f ƒ ƒ f<h> U+0192 : Latin small letter f with hook
#g ɠ ɠ g<h> U+0260 : Latin small letter g with hook
h ɦ ɦ h<h> U+0266 : Latin small letter h with hook
#k ƙ ƙ k<h> U+0199 : Latin small letter k with hook
#m ɱ ɱ m<h> U+0271 : Latin small letter m with hook
#p ƥ ƥ p<h> U+01A5 : Latin small letter p with hook
#q ʠ ʠ q<h> U+02A0 : Latin small letter q with hook
#s ʂ ʂ s<h> U+0282 : Latin small letter s with hook
#t ƭ ƭ t<h> U+01AD : Latin small letter t with hook
#v ʋ ʋ v<h> U+028B : Latin small letter v with hook
#y ƴ ƴ y<h> U+01B4 : Latin small letter y with hook
#
Ð Đ Đ D<s> U+0110 : Latin capital letter D with stroke
G Ǥ Ǥ G<s> U+01E4 : Latin capital letter G with stroke
H Ħ Ħ H<s> U+0126 : Latin capital letter H with stroke
I Ɨ Ɨ I<s> U+0197 : Latin capital letter I with stroke
L Ł Ł L<s> U+0141 : Latin capital letter L with stroke
Ø Ø Ø O<s> U+00D8 : Latin capital letter O with stroke
Ø Ǿ Ǿ O<s/A> U+01FE : Latin capital letter O with stroke and acute
T Ŧ Ŧ T<s> U+0166 : Latin capital letter T with stroke
Z Ƶ Ƶ Z<s> U+01B5 : Latin capital letter Z with stroke
#
b ƀ ƀ b<s> U+0180 : Latin small letter b with stroke
d đ đ d<s> U+0111 : Latin small letter d with stroke
g ǥ ǥ g<s> U+01E5 : Latin small letter g with stroke
h ħ ħ h<s> U+0127 : Latin small letter h with stroke
i ɨ ɨ i<s> U+0268 : Latin small letter i with stroke
l ł ł l<s> U+0142 : Latin small letter l with stroke
ø ø ø o<s> U+00F8 : Latin small letter o with stroke
ø ǿ ǿ o<s/A> U+01FF : Latin small letter o with stroke and acute
t ŧ ŧ t<s> U+0167 : Latin small letter t with stroke
z ƶ ƶ z<s> U+01B6 : Latin small letter z with stroke
#
Á Á Á A<A> U+00C1 : Latin capital letter A with acute
A Ă Ă A<B> U+0102 : Latin capital letter A with breve
Á Ắ Ắ A<B/A> U+1EAE : Latin capital letter A with breve and acute
À Ằ Ằ A<B/G> U+1EB0 : Latin capital letter A with breve and grave
à Ẵ Ẵ A<B/T> U+1EB4 : Latin capital letter A with breve and tilde
A Ặ Ặ A<B/d> U+1EB6 : Latin capital letter A with breve and dot below
   A<C> U+00C2 : Latin capital letter A with circumflex
 Ấ Ấ A<C/A> U+1EA4 : Latin capital letter A with circumflex and acute
 Ầ Ầ A<C/G> U+1EA6 : Latin capital letter A with circumflex and grave
 Ẫ Ẫ A<C/T> U+1EAA : Latin capital letter A with circumflex and tilde
 Ậ Ậ A<C/d> U+1EAC : Latin capital letter A with circumflex and dot below
A Ǡ Ǡ A<D/M> U+01E0 : Latin capital letter A with dot above and macron
À À À A<G> U+00C0 : Latin capital letter A with grave
A Ȁ Ȁ A<GG> U+0200 : Latin capital letter A with double grave
A Ȃ Ȃ A<I> U+0202 : Latin capital letter A with inverted breve
A Ǎ Ǎ A<K> U+01CD : Latin capital letter A with caron
A Ā Ā A<M> U+0100 : Latin capital letter A with macron
Å Å Å A<R> U+00C5 : Latin capital letter A with ring above
Å Ǻ́ Ǻ A<R/A> U+01FA : Latin capital letter A with ring above and acute
à à à A<T> U+00C3 : Latin capital letter A with tilde
Ä Ä Ä A<U> U+00C4 : Latin capital letter A with diaeresis
Ä Ǟ Ǟ A<U/M> U+01DE : Latin capital letter A with diaeresis and macron
A Ạ Ạ A<d> U+1EA0 : Latin capital letter A with dot below
A Ą Ą A<o> U+0104 : Latin capital letter A with ogonek
A Ḁ Ḁ A<r> U+1E00 : Latin capital letter A with ring below
B Ḃ Ḃ B<D> U+1E02 : Latin capital letter B with dot above
B Ḅ Ḅ B<d> U+1E04 : Latin capital letter B with dot below
B Ḇ Ḇ B<l> U+1E06 : Latin capital letter B with line below
C Ć Ć C<A> U+0106 : Latin capital letter C with acute
C Ĉ Ĉ C<C> U+0108 : Latin capital letter C with circumflex
C Ċ Ċ C<D> U+010A : Latin capital letter C with dot above
C Č Č C<K> U+010C : Latin capital letter C with caron
Ç Ç Ç C<c> U+00C7 : Latin capital letter C with cedilla
Ç Ḉ Ḉ C<c/A> U+1E08 : Latin capital letter C with cedilla and acute
D Ḋ Ḋ D<D> U+1E0A : Latin capital letter D with dot above
D Ď Ď D<K> U+010E : Latin capital letter D with caron
D Ḑ Ḑ D<c> U+1E10 : Latin capital letter D with cedilla
D Ḍ Ḍ D<d> U+1E0C : Latin capital letter D with dot below
D Ḏ Ḏ D<l> U+1E0E : Latin capital letter D with line below
É É É E<A> U+00C9 : Latin capital letter E with acute
E Ĕ Ĕ E<B> U+0114 : Latin capital letter E with breve
Ê Ê Ê E<C> U+00CA : Latin capital letter E with circumflex
Ê Ế Ế E<C/A> U+1EBE : Latin capital letter E with circumflex and acute
Ê Ề Ề E<C/G> U+1EC0 : Latin capital letter E with circumflex and grave
Ê Ễ Ễ E<C/T> U+1EC4 : Latin capital letter E with circumflex and tilde
Ê Ệ Ệ E<C/d> U+1EC6 : Latin capital letter E with circumflex and dot below
E Ė Ė E<D> U+0116 : Latin capital letter E with dot above
È È È E<G> U+00C8 : Latin capital letter E with grave
E Ȅ Ȅ E<GG> U+0204 : Latin capital letter E with double grave
E Ȇ Ȇ E<I> U+0206 : Latin capital letter E with inverted breve
E Ě Ě E<K> U+011A : Latin capital letter E with caron
E Ē Ē E<M> U+0112 : Latin capital letter E with macron
É Ḗ Ḗ E<M/A> U+1E16 : Latin capital letter E with macron and acute
È Ḕ Ḕ E<M/G> U+1E14 : Latin capital letter E with macron and grave
E Ẽ Ẽ E<T> U+1EBC : Latin capital letter E with tilde
Ë Ë Ë E<U> U+00CB : Latin capital letter E with diaeresis
E Ḝ Ḝ E<c/B> U+1E1C : Latin capital letter E with cedilla and breve
E Ẹ Ẹ E<d> U+1EB8 : Latin capital letter E with dot below
E Ę Ę E<o> U+0118 : Latin capital letter E with ogonek
E Ḛ Ḛ E<t> U+1E1A : Latin capital letter E with tilde below
F Ḟ Ḟ F<D> U+1E1E : Latin capital letter F with dot above
G Ǵ Ǵ G<A> U+01F4 : Latin capital letter G with acute
G Ğ Ğ G<B> U+011E : Latin capital letter G with breve
G Ĝ Ĝ G<C> U+011C : Latin capital letter G with circumflex
G Ġ Ġ G<D> U+0120 : Latin capital letter G with dot above
G Ǧ Ǧ G<K> U+01E6 : Latin capital letter G with caron
G G̅ Ḡ G<M> U+1E20 : Latin capital letter G with macron
G Ģ Ģ G<c> U+0122 : Latin capital letter G with cedilla
H Ĥ Ĥ H<C> U+0124 : Latin capital letter H with circumflex
H Ḣ Ḣ H<D> U+1E22 : Latin capital letter H with dot above
H Ḧ Ḧ H<U> U+1E26 : Latin capital letter H with diaeresis
H Ḫ Ḫ H<b> U+1E2A : Latin capital letter H with breve below
H Ḩ Ḩ H<c> U+1E28 : Latin capital letter H with cedilla
H Ḥ Ḥ H<d> U+1E24 : Latin capital letter H with dot below
Í Í Í I<A> U+00CD : Latin capital letter I with acute
I Ĭ Ĭ I<B> U+012C : Latin capital letter I with breve
Î Î Î I<C> U+00CE : Latin capital letter I with circumflex
I İ İ I<D> U+0130 : Latin capital letter I with dot above
Ì Ì Ì I<G> U+00CC : Latin capital letter I with grave
I Ȉ Ȉ I<GG> U+0208 : Latin capital letter I with double grave
I Ȋ Ȋ I<I> U+020A : Latin capital letter I with inverted breve
I Ǐ Ǐ I<K> U+01CF : Latin capital letter I with caron
I Ī Ī I<M> U+012A : Latin capital letter I with macron
I Ĩ Ĩ I<T> U+0128 : Latin capital letter I with tilde
Ï Ï Ï I<U> U+00CF : Latin capital letter I with diaeresis
Ï Ḯ Ḯ I<U/A> U+1E2E : Latin capital letter I with diaeresis and acute
I Ị Ị I<d> U+1ECA : Latin capital letter I with dot below
I Į Į I<o> U+012E : Latin capital letter I with ogonek
I Ḭ Ḭ I<t> U+1E2C : Latin capital letter I with tilde below
J Ĵ Ĵ J<C> U+0134 : Latin capital letter J with circumflex
K Ḱ Ḱ K<A> U+1E30 : Latin capital letter K with acute
K Ǩ Ǩ K<K> U+01E8 : Latin capital letter K with caron
K Ķ Ķ K<c> U+0136 : Latin capital letter K with cedilla
K Ḳ Ḳ K<d> U+1E32 : Latin capital letter K with dot below
K Ḵ Ḵ K<l> U+1E34 : Latin capital letter K with line below
L Ĺ Ĺ L<A> U+0139 : Latin capital letter L with acute
L Ľ Ľ L<K> U+013D : Latin capital letter L with caron
L Ļ Ļ L<c> U+013B : Latin capital letter L with cedilla
L Ḷ Ḷ L<d> U+1E36 : Latin capital letter L with dot below
L Ḷ̅ Ḹ L<d/M> U+1E38 : Latin capital letter L with dot below and macron
L Ḻ Ḻ L<l> U+1E3A : Latin capital letter L with line below
M Ḿ Ḿ M<A> U+1E3E : Latin capital letter M with acute
M Ṁ Ṁ M<D> U+1E40 : Latin capital letter M with dot above
M Ṃ Ṃ M<d> U+1E42 : Latin capital letter M with dot below
N Ń Ń N<A> U+0143 : Latin capital letter N with acute
N Ṅ Ṅ N<D> U+1E44 : Latin capital letter N with dot above
N Ň Ň N<K> U+0147 : Latin capital letter N with caron
Ñ Ñ Ñ N<T> U+00D1 : Latin capital letter N with tilde
N Ņ Ņ N<c> U+0145 : Latin capital letter N with cedilla
N Ṇ Ṇ N<d> U+1E46 : Latin capital letter N with dot below
N Ṉ Ṉ N<l> U+1E48 : Latin capital letter N with line below
Ò Ó Ó O<A> U+00D3 : Latin capital letter O with acute
O Ő Ő O<AA> U+0150 : Latin capital letter O with double acute
O Ŏ Ŏ O<B> U+014E : Latin capital letter O with breve
Ô Ô Ô O<C> U+00D4 : Latin capital letter O with circumflex
Ô Ố Ố O<C/A> U+1ED0 : Latin capital letter O with circumflex and acute
Ô Ồ Ồ O<C/G> U+1ED2 : Latin capital letter O with circumflex and grave
Ô Ỗ Ỗ O<C/T> U+1ED6 : Latin capital letter O with circumflex and tilde
Ô Ộ Ộ O<C/d> U+1ED8 : Latin capital letter O with circumflex and dot below
Ò Ò Ò O<G> U+00D2 : Latin capital letter O with grave
O Ȍ Ȍ O<GG> U+020C : Latin capital letter O with double grave
O Ȏ Ȏ O<I> U+020E : Latin capital letter O with inverted breve
O Ǒ Ǒ O<K> U+01D1 : Latin capital letter O with caron
O Ō Ō O<M> U+014C : Latin capital letter O with macron
Ò Ṓ Ṓ O<M/A> U+1E52 : Latin capital letter O with macron and acute
Ò Ṑ Ṑ O<M/G> U+1E50 : Latin capital letter O with macron and grave
Õ Õ Õ O<T> U+00D5 : Latin capital letter O with tilde
Õ Ṍ Ṍ O<T/A> U+1E4C : Latin capital letter O with tilde and acute
Õ Ṏ Ṏ O<T/U> U+1E4E : Latin capital letter O with tilde and diaeresis
Ö Ö Ö O<U> U+00D6 : Latin capital letter O with diaeresis
O Ọ Ọ O<d> U+1ECC : Latin capital letter O with dot below
O Ǫ Ǫ O<o> U+01EA : Latin capital letter O with ogonek
O Ǭ Ǭ O<o/M> U+01EC : Latin capital letter O with ogonek and macron
P Ṕ Ṕ P<A> U+1E54 : Latin capital letter P with acute
P Ṗ Ṗ P<D> U+1E56 : Latin capital letter P with dot above
R Ŕ Ŕ R<A> U+0154 : Latin capital letter R with acute
R Ṙ Ṙ R<D> U+1E58 : Latin capital letter R with dot above
R Ȑ Ȑ R<GG> U+0210 : Latin capital letter R with double grave
R Ȓ Ȓ R<I> U+0212 : Latin capital letter R with inverted breve
R Ř Ř R<K> U+0158 : Latin capital letter R with caron
R Ŗ Ŗ R<c> U+0156 : Latin capital letter R with cedilla
R Ṛ Ṛ R<d> U+1E5A : Latin capital letter R with dot below
R Ṛ̅ Ṝ R<d/M> U+1E5C : Latin capital letter R with dot below and macron
R Ṟ Ṟ R<l> U+1E5E : Latin capital letter R with line below
S Ś Ś S<A> U+015A : Latin capital letter S with acute
S Ṥ Ṥ S<A/D> U+1E64 : Latin capital letter S with acute and dot above
S Ŝ Ŝ S<C> U+015C : Latin capital letter S with circumflex
S Ṡ Ṡ S<D> U+1E60 : Latin capital letter S with dot above
S Š Š S<K> U+0160 : Latin capital letter S with caron
S Ṧ Ṧ S<K/D> U+1E66 : Latin capital letter S with caron and dot above
S Ş Ş S<c> U+015E : Latin capital letter S with cedilla
S Ṣ Ṣ S<d> U+1E62 : Latin capital letter S with dot below
S Ṩ Ṩ S<d/D> U+1E68 : Latin capital letter S with dot below and dot above
T Ṫ Ṫ T<D> U+1E6A : Latin capital letter T with dot above
T Ť Ť T<K> U+0164 : Latin capital letter T with caron
T Ţ Ţ T<c> U+0162 : Latin capital letter T with cedilla
T Ṭ Ṭ T<d> U+1E6C : Latin capital letter T with dot below
T Ṯ Ṯ T<l> U+1E6E : Latin capital letter T with line below
Ú Ú Ú U<A> U+00DA : Latin capital letter U with acute
U Ű Ű U<AA> U+0170 : Latin capital letter U with double acute
U Ŭ Ŭ U<B> U+016C : Latin capital letter U with breve
Û Û Û U<C> U+00DB : Latin capital letter U with circumflex
Ù Ù Ù U<G> U+00D9 : Latin capital letter U with grave
U Ȕ Ȕ U<GG> U+0214 : Latin capital letter U with double grave
U Ȗ Ȗ U<I> U+0216 : Latin capital letter U with inverted breve
U Ǔ Ǔ U<K> U+01D3 : Latin capital letter U with caron
U Ū Ū U<M> U+016A : Latin capital letter U with macron
Ü Ṻ Ṻ U<M/U> U+1E7A : Latin capital letter U with macron and diaeresis
U Ů Ů U<R> U+016E : Latin capital letter U with ring above
U Ũ Ũ U<T> U+0168 : Latin capital letter U with tilde
Ú Ṹ Ṹ U<T/A> U+1E78 : Latin capital letter U with tilde and acute
Ü Ü Ü U<U> U+00DC : Latin capital letter U with diaeresis
Ü Ǘ́ Ǘ U<U/A> U+01D7 : Latin capital letter U with diaeresis and acute
Ü Ǜ̀ Ǜ U<U/G> U+01DB : Latin capital letter U with diaeresis and grave
Ü Ǚ Ǚ U<U/K> U+01D9 : Latin capital letter U with diaeresis and caron
Ü Ǖ Ǖ U<U/M> U+01D5 : Latin capital letter U with diaeresis and macron
U Ụ Ụ U<d> U+1EE4 : Latin capital letter U with dot below
U Ų Ų U<o> U+0172 : Latin capital letter U with ogonek
U Ṵ Ṵ U<t> U+1E74 : Latin capital letter U with tilde below
U Ṳ Ṳ U<u> U+1E72 : Latin capital letter U with diaeresis below
V Ṽ Ṽ V<T> U+1E7C : Latin capital letter V with tilde
V Ṿ Ṿ V<d> U+1E7E : Latin capital letter V with dot below
W Ẃ Ẃ W<A> U+1E82 : Latin capital letter W with acute
W Ŵ Ŵ W<C> U+0174 : Latin capital letter W with circumflex
W Ẇ Ẇ W<D> U+1E86 : Latin capital letter W with dot above
W Ẁ Ẁ W<G> U+1E80 : Latin capital letter W with grave
W Ẅ Ẅ W<U> U+1E84 : Latin capital letter W with diaeresis
W Ẉ Ẉ W<d> U+1E88 : Latin capital letter W with dot below
X Ẋ Ẋ X<D> U+1E8A : Latin capital letter X with dot above
X Ẍ Ẍ X<U> U+1E8C : Latin capital letter X with diaeresis
Ý Ý Ý Y<A> U+00DD : Latin capital letter Y with acute
Y Ŷ Ŷ Y<C> U+0176 : Latin capital letter Y with circumflex
Y Ẏ Ẏ Y<D> U+1E8E : Latin capital letter Y with dot above
Y Ỳ Ỳ Y<G> U+1EF2 : Latin capital letter Y with grave
Y Ȳ Ȳ Y<M> U+0232 : Latin capital letter Y with macron
Y Ỹ Ỹ Y<T> U+1EF8 : Latin capital letter Y with tilde
Y Ÿ Ÿ Y<U> U+0178 : Latin capital letter Y with diaeresis
Y Ỵ Ỵ Y<d> U+1EF4 : Latin capital letter Y with dot below
Z Ź Ź Z<A> U+0179 : Latin capital letter Z with acute
Z Ẑ Ẑ Z<C> U+1E90 : Latin capital letter Z with circumflex
Z Ż Ż Z<D> U+017B : Latin capital letter Z with dot above
Z Ž Ž Z<K> U+017D : Latin capital letter Z with caron
Z Ẓ Ẓ Z<d> U+1E92 : Latin capital letter Z with dot below
Z Ẕ Ẕ Z<l> U+1E94 : Latin capital letter Z with line below
#
á á á a<A> U+00E1 : Latin small letter a with acute
a ă ă a<B> U+0103 : Latin small letter a with breve
á ắ ắ a<B/A> U+1EAF : Latin small letter a with breve and acute
à ằ ằ a<B/G> U+1EB1 : Latin small letter a with breve and grave
ã ẵ ẵ a<B/T> U+1EB5 : Latin small letter a with breve and tilde
a ặ ặ a<B/d> U+1EB7 : Latin small letter a with breve and dot below
â â â a<C> U+00E2 : Latin small letter a with circumflex
â ấ ấ a<C/A> U+1EA5 : Latin small letter a with circumflex and acute
â ầ ầ a<C/G> U+1EA7 : Latin small letter a with circumflex and grave
â ẫ ẫ a<C/T> U+1EAB : Latin small letter a with circumflex and tilde
â ậ ậ a<C/d> U+1EAD : Latin small letter a with circumflex and dot below
a ǡ ǡ a<D/M> U+01E1 : Latin small letter a with dot above and macron
à à à a<G> U+00E0 : Latin small letter a with grave
a ȁ ȁ a<GG> U+0201 : Latin small letter a with double grave
a ȃ ȃ a<I> U+0203 : Latin small letter a with inverted breve
a ǎ ǎ a<K> U+01CE : Latin small letter a with caron
a ā ā a<M> U+0101 : Latin small letter a with macron
å å å a<R> U+00E5 : Latin small letter a with ring above
å ǻ ǻ a<R/A> U+01FB : Latin small letter a with ring above and acute
ã ã ã a<T> U+00E3 : Latin small letter a with tilde
ä ä ä a<U> U+00E4 : Latin small letter a with diaeresis
ä ǟ ǟ a<U/M> U+01DF : Latin small letter a with diaeresis and macron
a ạ ạ a<d> U+1EA1 : Latin small letter a with dot below
a ą ą a<o> U+0105 : Latin small letter a with ogonek
a ḁ ḁ a<r> U+1E01 : Latin small letter a with ring below
b ḃ ḃ b<D> U+1E03 : Latin small letter b with dot above
b ḅ ḅ b<d> U+1E05 : Latin small letter b with dot below
b ḇ ḇ b<l> U+1E07 : Latin small letter b with line below
c ć ć c<A> U+0107 : Latin small letter c with acute
c ĉ ĉ c<C> U+0109 : Latin small letter c with circumflex
c ċ ċ c<D> U+010B : Latin small letter c with dot above
c č č c<K> U+010D : Latin small letter c with caron
ç ç ç c<c> U+00E7 : Latin small letter c with cedilla
ç ḉ ḉ c<c/A> U+1E09 : Latin small letter c with cedilla and acute
d ḋ ḋ d<D> U+1E0B : Latin small letter d with dot above
d ď ď d<K> U+010F : Latin small letter d with caron
d ḑ ḑ d<c> U+1E11 : Latin small letter d with cedilla
d ḍ ḍ d<d> U+1E0D : Latin small letter d with dot below
d ḏ ḏ d<l> U+1E0F : Latin small letter d with line below
é é é e<A> U+00E9 : Latin small letter e with acute
e ĕ ĕ e<B> U+0115 : Latin small letter e with breve
ê ê ê e<C> U+00EA : Latin small letter e with circumflex
ê ế ế e<C/A> U+1EBF : Latin small letter e with circumflex and acute
ê ề ề e<C/G> U+1EC1 : Latin small letter e with circumflex and grave
ê ễ ễ e<C/T> U+1EC5 : Latin small letter e with circumflex and tilde
ê ệ ệ e<C/d> U+1EC7 : Latin small letter e with circumflex and dot below
e ė ė e<D> U+0117 : Latin small letter e with dot above
è è è e<G> U+00E8 : Latin small letter e with grave
e ȅ ȅ e<GG> U+0205 : Latin small letter e with double grave
e ȇ ȇ e<I> U+0207 : Latin small letter e with inverted breve
e ě ě e<K> U+011B : Latin small letter e with caron
e ē ē e<M> U+0113 : Latin small letter e with macron
é ḗ ḗ e<M/A> U+1E17 : Latin small letter e with macron and acute
è ḕ ḕ e<M/G> U+1E15 : Latin small letter e with macron and grave
e ẽ ẽ e<T> U+1EBD : Latin small letter e with tilde
ë ë ë e<U> U+00EB : Latin small letter e with diaeresis
e ḝ ḝ e<c/B> U+1E1D : Latin small letter e with cedilla and breve
e ẹ ẹ e<d> U+1EB9 : Latin small letter e with dot below
e ę ę e<o> U+0119 : Latin small letter e with ogonek
e ḛ ḛ e<t> U+1E1B : Latin small letter e with tilde below
f ḟ ḟ f<D> U+1E1F : Latin small letter f with dot above
g ǵ ǵ g<A> U+01F5 : Latin small letter g with acute
g ğ ğ g<B> U+011F : Latin small letter g with breve
g ĝ ĝ g<C> U+011D : Latin small letter g with circumflex
g ġ ġ g<D> U+0121 : Latin small letter g with dot above
g ǧ ǧ g<K> U+01E7 : Latin small letter g with caron
g ḡ ḡ g<M> U+1E21 : Latin small letter g with macron
g ģ ģ g<c> U+0123 : Latin small letter g with cedilla
h ĥ ĥ h<C> U+0125 : Latin small letter h with circumflex
h ḣ ḣ h<D> U+1E23 : Latin small letter h with dot above
h ḧ ḧ h<U> U+1E27 : Latin small letter h with diaeresis
h ḫ ḫ h<b> U+1E2B : Latin small letter h with breve below
h ḩ ḩ h<c> U+1E29 : Latin small letter h with cedilla
h ḥ ḥ h<d> U+1E25 : Latin small letter h with dot below
h ẖ ẖ h<l> U+1E96 : Latin small letter h with line below
í í í i<A> U+00ED : Latin small letter i with acute
i ĭ ĭ i<B> U+012D : Latin small letter i with breve
î î î i<C> U+00EE : Latin small letter i with circumflex
ì ì ì i<G> U+00EC : Latin small letter i with grave
i ȉ ȉ i<GG> U+0209 : Latin small letter i with double grave
i ȋ ȋ i<I> U+020B : Latin small letter i with inverted breve
i ǐ ǐ i<K> U+01D0 : Latin small letter i with caron
i ī ī i<M> U+012B : Latin small letter i with macron
i ĩ ĩ i<T> U+0129 : Latin small letter i with tilde
ï ï ï i<U> U+00EF : Latin small letter i with diaeresis
ï ḯ ḯ i<U/A> U+1E2F : Latin small letter i with diaeresis and acute
i ị ị i<d> U+1ECB : Latin small letter i with dot below
i į į i<o> U+012F : Latin small letter i with ogonek
i ḭ ḭ i<t> U+1E2D : Latin small letter i with tilde below
j ĵ ĵ j<C> U+0135 : Latin small letter j with circumflex
j ǰ ǰ j<K> U+01F0 : Latin small letter j with caron
k ḱ ḱ k<A> U+1E31 : Latin small letter k with acute
k ǩ ǩ k<K> U+01E9 : Latin small letter k with caron
k ķ ķ k<c> U+0137 : Latin small letter k with cedilla
k ḳ ḳ k<d> U+1E33 : Latin small letter k with dot below
k ḵ ḵ k<l> U+1E35 : Latin small letter k with line below
l ĺ ĺ l<A> U+013A : Latin small letter l with acute
l ľ ľ l<K> U+013E : Latin small letter l with caron
l ļ ļ l<c> U+013C : Latin small letter l with cedilla
l ḷ ḷ l<d> U+1E37 : Latin small letter l with dot below
l ḹ ḹ l<d/M> U+1E39 : Latin small letter l with dot below and macron
l ḻ ḻ l<l> U+1E3B : Latin small letter l with line below
m ḿ ḿ m<A> U+1E3F : Latin small letter m with acute
m ṁ ṁ m<D> U+1E41 : Latin small letter m with dot above
m ṃ ṃ m<d> U+1E43 : Latin small letter m with dot below
n ń ń n<A> U+0144 : Latin small letter n with acute
n ṅ ṅ n<D> U+1E45 : Latin small letter n with dot above
n ň ň n<K> U+0148 : Latin small letter n with caron
ñ ñ ñ n<T> U+00F1 : Latin small letter n with tilde
n ņ ņ n<c> U+0146 : Latin small letter n with cedilla
n ṇ ṇ n<d> U+1E47 : Latin small letter n with dot below
n ṉ ṉ n<l> U+1E49 : Latin small letter n with line below
ó ó ó o<A> U+00F3 : Latin small letter o with acute
o ő ő o<AA> U+0151 : Latin small letter o with double acute
o ŏ ŏ o<B> U+014F : Latin small letter o with breve
ô ô ô o<C> U+00F4 : Latin small letter o with circumflex
ô ố ố o<C/A> U+1ED1 : Latin small letter o with circumflex and acute
ô ồ ồ o<C/G> U+1ED3 : Latin small letter o with circumflex and grave
ô ỗ ỗ o<C/T> U+1ED7 : Latin small letter o with circumflex and tilde
ô ộ ộ o<C/d> U+1ED9 : Latin small letter o with circumflex and dot below
ò ò ò o<G> U+00F2 : Latin small letter o with grave
o ȍ ȍ o<GG> U+020D : Latin small letter o with double grave
o ȏ ȏ o<I> U+020F : Latin small letter o with inverted breve
o ǒ ǒ o<K> U+01D2 : Latin small letter o with caron
o ō ō o<M> U+014D : Latin small letter o with macron
ó ṓ ṓ o<M/A> U+1E53 : Latin small letter o with macron and acute
ò ṑ ṑ o<M/G> U+1E51 : Latin small letter o with macron and grave
õ õ õ o<T> U+00F5 : Latin small letter o with tilde
õ ṍ ṍ o<T/A> U+1E4D : Latin small letter o with tilde and acute
õ ṏ ṏ o<T/U> U+1E4F : Latin small letter o with tilde and diaeresis
ö ö ö o<U> U+00F6 : Latin small letter o with diaeresis
o ọ ọ o<d> U+1ECD : Latin small letter o with dot below
o ǫ ǫ o<o> U+01EB : Latin small letter o with ogonek
o ǭ ǭ o<o/M> U+01ED : Latin small letter o with ogonek and macron
p ṕ ṕ p<A> U+1E55 : Latin small letter p with acute
p ṗ ṗ p<D> U+1E57 : Latin small letter p with dot above
r ŕ ŕ r<A> U+0155 : Latin small letter r with acute
r ṙ ṙ r<D> U+1E59 : Latin small letter r with dot above
r ȑ ȑ r<GG> U+0211 : Latin small letter r with double grave
r ȓ ȓ r<I> U+0213 : Latin small letter r with inverted breve
r ř ř r<K> U+0159 : Latin small letter r with caron
r ŗ ŗ r<c> U+0157 : Latin small letter r with cedilla
r ṛ ṛ r<d> U+1E5B : Latin small letter r with dot below
r ṝ ṝ r<d/M> U+1E5D : Latin small letter r with dot below and macron
r ṟ ṟ r<l> U+1E5F : Latin small letter r with line below
s ś ś s<A> U+015B : Latin small letter s with acute
s ṥ ṥ s<A/D> U+1E65 : Latin small letter s with acute and dot above
s ŝ ŝ s<C> U+015D : Latin small letter s with circumflex
s ṡ ṡ s<D> U+1E61 : Latin small letter s with dot above
s š š s<K> U+0161 : Latin small letter s with caron
s ṧ ṧ s<K/D> U+1E67 : Latin small letter s with caron and dot above
s ş ş s<c> U+015F : Latin small letter s with cedilla
s ṣ ṣ s<d> U+1E63 : Latin small letter s with dot below
s ṩ ṩ s<d/D> U+1E69 : Latin small letter s with dot below and dot above
t ṫ ṫ t<D> U+1E6B : Latin small letter t with dot above
t ť ť t<K> U+0165 : Latin small letter t with caron
t ẗ ẗ t<U> U+1E97 : Latin small letter t with diaeresis
t ţ ţ t<c> U+0163 : Latin small letter t with cedilla
t ṭ ṭ t<d> U+1E6D : Latin small letter t with dot below
t ṯ ṯ t<l> U+1E6F : Latin small letter t with line below
ú ú ú u<A> U+00FA : Latin small letter u with acute
u ű ű u<AA> U+0171 : Latin small letter u with double acute
u ŭ ŭ u<B> U+016D : Latin small letter u with breve
û û û u<C> U+00FB : Latin small letter u with circumflex
ù ù ù u<G> U+00F9 : Latin small letter u with grave
u ȕ ȕ u<GG> U+0215 : Latin small letter u with double grave
u ȗ ȗ u<I> U+0217 : Latin small letter u with inverted breve
u ǔ ǔ u<K> U+01D4 : Latin small letter u with caron
u ū ū u<M> U+016B : Latin small letter u with macron
ü ǖ ṻ u<M/U> U+1E7B : Latin small letter u with macron and diaeresis
u ů ů u<R> U+016F : Latin small letter u with ring above
u ũ ũ u<T> U+0169 : Latin small letter u with tilde
ú ṹ ṹ u<T/A> U+1E79 : Latin small letter u with tilde and acute
ü ü ü u<U> U+00FC : Latin small letter u with diaeresis
ü ǘ ǘ u<U/A> U+01D8 : Latin small letter u with diaeresis and acute
ü ǜ ǜ u<U/G> U+01DC : Latin small letter u with diaeresis and grave
ü ǚ ǚ u<U/K> U+01DA : Latin small letter u with diaeresis and caron
ü ǖ ǖ u<U/M> U+01D6 : Latin small letter u with diaeresis and macron
u ụ ụ u<d> U+1EE5 : Latin small letter u with dot below
u ų ų u<o> U+0173 : Latin small letter u with ogonek
u ṵ ṵ u<t> U+1E75 : Latin small letter u with tilde below
u ṳ ṳ u<u> U+1E73 : Latin small letter u with diaeresis below
v ṽ ṽ v<T> U+1E7D : Latin small letter v with tilde
v ṿ ṿ v<d> U+1E7F : Latin small letter v with dot below
w ẃ ẃ w<A> U+1E83 : Latin small letter w with acute
w ŵ ŵ w<C> U+0175 : Latin small letter w with circumflex
w ẇ ẇ w<D> U+1E87 : Latin small letter w with dot above
w ẁ ẁ w<G> U+1E81 : Latin small letter w with grave
w ẘ ẘ w<R> U+1E98 : Latin small letter w with ring above
w ẅ ẅ w<U> U+1E85 : Latin small letter w with diaeresis
w ẉ ẉ w<d> U+1E89 : Latin small letter w with dot below
x ẋ ẋ x<D> U+1E8B : Latin small letter x with dot above
x ẍ ẍ x<U> U+1E8D : Latin small letter x with diaeresis
ý ý ý y<A> U+00FD : Latin small letter y with acute
y ŷ ŷ y<C> U+0177 : Latin small letter y with circumflex
y ẏ ẏ y<D> U+1E8F : Latin small letter y with dot above
y ỳ ỳ y<G> U+1EF3 : Latin small letter y with grave
y ȳ ȳ y<M> U+0233 : Latin small letter y with macron
y ẙ ẙ y<R> U+1E99 : Latin small letter y with ring above
y ỹ ỹ y<T> U+1EF9 : Latin small letter y with tilde
ÿ ÿ ÿ y<U> U+00FF : Latin small letter y with diaeresis
y ỵ ỵ y<d> U+1EF5 : Latin small letter y with dot below
z ź ź z<A> U+017A : Latin small letter z with acute
z ẑ ẑ z<C> U+1E91 : Latin small letter z with circumflex
z ż ż z<D> U+017C : Latin small letter z with dot above
z ž ž z<K> U+017E : Latin small letter z with caron
z ẓ ẓ z<d> U+1E93 : Latin small letter z with dot below
z ẕ ẕ z<l> U+1E95 : Latin small letter z with line below
#
U Ə Ə E<_> U+018F : Latin capital letter Schwa
Ng Ŋ Ŋ N<_> U+014A : Latin capital letter Eng
O Ɔ Ɔ O<_> U+0186 : Latin capital letter open O
w ƿ ƿ w<_> U+01BF : Latin letter wynn
Y Ʒ Ʒ Y<_> U+01B7 : Latin capital letter Ezh # = Yogh
#
u ə ə e<_> U+0259 : Latin small letter schwa
u ɚ ɚ e<_/h> U+025A : Latin small letter schwa with hook
f ʕ ʕ f<_> U+0295 : Latin letter pharyngeal voiced fricative
g ʔ ʔ g<_> U+0294 : Latin letter glottal stop
l ɫ ɫ l<_> U+026B : Latin small letter l with middle tilde
ng ŋ ŋ n<_> U+014B : Latin small letter eng
o ɔ ɔ o<_> U+0254 : Latin small letter open o
y ʒ ʒ y<_> U+0292 : Latin small letter ezh # = yogh
#
0 ₀ ₀ 0<-> U+2080 : subscript zero # [see also Section 13]
1 ₁ ₁ 1<-> U+2081 : subscript one
2 ₂ ₂ 2<-> U+2082 : subscript two
3 ₃ ₃ 3<-> U+2083 : subscript three
4 ₄ ₄ 4<-> U+2084 : subscript four
h ʰ ʰ h<+> U+02B0 : modifier letter small h # superscript h [Section 13]
v ˅ ˅ v<+> U+02C5 : modifier letter down arrowhead # superscript v
w ʷ ʷ w<+> U+02B7 : modifier letter small w # superscript w
#
H1 H₁ H₁ H<1> U+2081 : subscript 1 # Laryngeal: H1 (0-color)
h1 h₁ h₁ h<1> U+2081 : subscript 1 # Laryngeal: h1 (0-color)
#
H2 H₂ H₂ H<2> U+2082 : subscript 2 # Laryngeal: H2 (a-color)
h2 h₂ h₂ h<2> U+2082 : subscript 2 # Laryngeal: h2 (a-color)
#
H3 H₃ H₃ H<3> U+2083 : subscript 3 # Laryngeal: H3 (o-color)
h3 h₃ h₃ h<3> U+2083 : subscript 3 # Laryngeal: h3 (o-color)
#
H4 H₄ H₄ H<4> U+2084 : subscript 4 # Laryngeal: H4 (rare?)
h4 h₄ h₄ h<4> U+2084 : subscript 4 # Laryngeal: h4 (rare?)
# **** Section 11 ****
# An overstrike diacritic code modifies the preceding letter;
# multiple successive codes create "compound" diacritics.
#
# These overstrike diacritic codes are all usable for both Unicode 2
# and Unicode 3 output. None are acceptable for ISO-8859-1 output:
# they are all mapped to the empty string in that case.
#
# Example usage appears in the second column; result, in the first column.
# (Initial letters are only for illustration, and are tossed when compiling.)
# Overstrike diacritic codes are CASE SENSITIVE; uppercase means "above the
# letter," while lowercase means "below it."
#
u̔ u<`> U+0314 : combining reversed comma above # rough (= dasia)
u̓ u<'> U+0313 : combining comma above # smooth breathing (= psili)
á a<A> U+0301 : combining acute accent # above (= oxia)
ű u<AA> U+030B : combining double acute accent # above
ŭ u<B> U+0306 : combining breve # above (= vrachy)
ḫ h<b> U+032E : combining breve below
û u<C> U+0302 : combining circumflex accent # above
ç c<c> U+0327 : combining cedilla
ė e<D> U+0307 : combining dot above
ḍ d<d> U+0323 : combining dot below
à a<G> U+0300 : combining grave accent # above (= varia)
ȕ u<GG> U+030F : combining double grave accent # above
ȗ u<I> U+0311 : combining inverted breve # above (= perispomeni)
h̯ h<i> U+032F : combining inverted breve below
e̦ e<j> U+0326 : combining comma below
ž z<K> U+030C : combining caron # above (= hachek)
z̬ z<k> U+032C : combining caron below
d̲ d<l> U+0332 : combining low line
ō o<M> U+0304 : combining macron # above
o̱ o<m> U+0331 : combining macron below
m̐ m<N> U+0310 : combining candrabindu # (= anusvara)
ǫ o<o> U+0328 : combining ogonek
ḱ k<P> U+0341 : combining acute tone mark # (prime)
ů u<R> U+030A : combining ring above
ḁ a<r> U+0325 : combining ring below
ũ u<T> U+0303 : combining tilde # above
t̰ t<t> U+0330 : combining tilde below
ö o<U> U+0308 : combining diaeresis # above (= umlaut/dialytika)
z̤ z<u> U+0324 : combining diaeresis below
oͅ o<y> U+0345 : combining Greek ypogegrammeni # (= iota subscript)
# **** Section 12 ****
# A stand-alone character code may NOT appear, in a root/word,
# between a character and any diacritic codes that modify it.
#
# The 1st column represents the ISO-8859-1 output character renderings.
# [Processing issue: must(?) map col. 1 from UTF-8 codes to ISO-8859-1.]
# The 2nd column represents the Unicode 2 output character renderings.
# The 3rd column represents the Unicode 3 output character renderings.
#
# The 4th column defines ASCII input codes for stand-alone characters.
# These are CASE SENSITIVE.
#
` ‘ ‘ <lq> U+2018 : left single quotation mark
´ ’ ’ <rq> U+2019 : right single quotation mark
` ʽ ʽ <rb> U+02BD : modifier letter reversed comma # = dasia (rough)
´ ʼ ʼ <sb> U+02BC : modifier letter apostrophe # = psili (smooth)
# **** Section 13 ****
# An HTML flag modifies the preceding character -- letter (A-Z) or digit (0-9) --
# and may NOT be used if there are any other <codes> modifying that character.
#
# Example usage appears in the second column; result, in the third column.
# Example characters are only for illustration, and are tossed when compiling.
# HTML tags should be in lower case!
#
h h<+> h
2 2<-> 2
# **** Section 14 ****
# This section defines the extended character encodings for polytonic letters
# in the Greek script. Correspondences without explicit '<H>' are used where
# an entire text is in Greek; for texts where Greek letters appear amidst Latin
# or other letters, similar codes with explicit '<H>' are used [see Section 8].
#
# The 1st column represents the ISO-8859-1 output character renderings.
# [Processing issue: must(?) map col. 1 from UTF-8 codes to ISO-8859-1.]
# The 2nd column represents the Unicode 2 output character renderings.
# The 3rd column represents the Unicode 3 output character renderings.
#
# The 4th column defines input combinations of character and <modifier>.
# Defined combinations MUST begin with a letter (A-Z). These encodings
# are CASE SENSITIVE.
#
A ʽΑ Ἁ A<`> U+1F09 : Greek capital letter ALPHA with dasia
Á ʽΆ Ἅ A<`/A> U+1F0D : Greek capital letter ALPHA with dasia and oxia
Á ʽΆͅ ᾍ A<`/A/Y> U+1F8D : Greek capital letter ALPHA with dasia and oxia and prosgegrammeni
À ʽᾺ Ἃ A<`/G> U+1F0B : Greek capital letter ALPHA with dasia and varia
À ʽᾺͅ ᾋ A<`/G/Y> U+1F8B : Greek capital letter ALPHA with dasia and varia and prosgegrammeni
 ʽΑ̃ Ἇ A<`/I> U+1F0F : Greek capital letter ALPHA with dasia and perispomeni
 ʽᾼ̃ ᾏ A<`/I/Y> U+1F8F : Greek capital letter ALPHA with dasia and perispomeni and prosgegrammeni
A ʽᾼ ᾉ A<`/Y> U+1F89 : Greek capital letter ALPHA with dasia and prosgegrammeni
A ʼΑ Ἀ A<'> U+1F08 : Greek capital letter ALPHA with psili
Á ʼΆ Ἄ A<'/A> U+1F0C : Greek capital letter ALPHA with psili and oxia
Á ʼΆͅ ᾌ A<'/A/Y> U+1F8C : Greek capital letter ALPHA with psili and oxia and prosgegrammeni
À ʼᾺ Ἂ A<'/G> U+1F0A : Greek capital letter ALPHA with psili and varia
À ʼᾺͅ ᾊ A<'/G/Y> U+1F8A : Greek capital letter ALPHA with psili and varia and prosgegrammeni
 ʼΑ̃ Ἆ A<'/I> U+1F0E : Greek capital letter ALPHA with psili and perispomeni
 ʼᾼ̃ ᾎ A<'/I/Y> U+1F8E : Greek capital letter ALPHA with psili and perispomeni and prosgegrammeni
A ʼᾼ ᾈ A<'/Y> U+1F88 : Greek capital letter ALPHA with psili and prosgegrammeni
Á Ά Ά A<A> U+1FBB : Greek capital letter ALPHA with oxia
A Ᾰ Ᾰ A<B> U+1FB8 : Greek capital letter ALPHA with vrachy
À Ὰ Ὰ A<G> U+1FBA : Greek capital letter ALPHA with varia
A Α̅ Ᾱ A<M> U+1FB9 : Greek capital letter ALPHA with macron
A ᾼ ᾼ A<Y> U+1FBC : Greek capital letter ALPHA with prosgegrammeni
E ʽΕ Ἑ E<`> U+1F19 : Greek capital letter EPSILON with dasia
É ʽΈ Ἕ E<`/A> U+1F1D : Greek capital letter EPSILON with dasia and oxia
È ʽῈ Ἓ E<`/G> U+1F1B : Greek capital letter EPSILON with dasia and varia
E ʼΕ Ἐ E<'> U+1F18 : Greek capital letter EPSILON with psili
É ʼΈ Ἔ E<'/A> U+1F1C : Greek capital letter EPSILON with psili and oxia
È ʼῈ Ἒ E<'/G> U+1F1A : Greek capital letter EPSILON with psili and varia
É Έ Έ E<A> U+1FC9 : Greek capital letter EPSILON with oxia
È Ὲ Ὲ E<G> U+1FC8 : Greek capital letter EPSILON with varia
Ê ʽΗ Ἡ H<`> U+1F29 : Greek capital letter ETA with dasia
Ê ʽΉ Ἥ H<`/A> U+1F2D : Greek capital letter ETA with dasia and oxia
Ê ʽΉͅ ᾝ H<`/A/Y> U+1F9D : Greek capital letter ETA with dasia and oxia and prosgegrammeni
Ê ʽῊ Ἣ H<`/G> U+1F2B : Greek capital letter ETA with dasia and varia
Ê ʽῊͅ ᾛ H<`/G/Y> U+1F9B : Greek capital letter ETA with dasia and varia and prosgegrammeni
Ê ʽΗ̃ Ἧ H<`/I> U+1F2F : Greek capital letter ETA with dasia and perispomeni
Ê ʽῌ̃ ᾟ H<`/I/Y> U+1F9F : Greek capital letter ETA with dasia and perispomeni and prosgegrammeni
Ê ʽῌ ᾙ H<`/Y> U+1F99 : Greek capital letter ETA with dasia and prosgegrammeni
Ê ʼΗ Ἠ H<'> U+1F28 : Greek capital letter ETA with psili
Ê ʼΉ Ἤ H<'/A> U+1F2C : Greek capital letter ETA with psili and oxia
Ê ʼΉͅ ᾜ H<'/A/Y> U+1F9C : Greek capital letter ETA with psili and oxia and prosgegrammeni
Ê ʼῊ Ἢ H<'/G> U+1F2A : Greek capital letter ETA with psili and varia
Ê ʼῊͅ ᾚ H<'/G/Y> U+1F9A : Greek capital letter ETA with psili and varia and prosgegrammeni
Ê ʼΗ̃ Ἦ H<'/I> U+1F2E : Greek capital letter ETA with psili and perispomeni
Ê ʼῌ̃ ᾞ H<'/I/Y> U+1F9E : Greek capital letter ETA with psili and perispomeni and prosgegrammeni
Ê ʼῌ ᾘ H<'/Y> U+1F98 : Greek capital letter ETA with psili and prosgegrammeni
Ê Ή Ή H<A> U+1FCB : Greek capital letter ETA with oxia
Ê Ὴ Ὴ H<G> U+1FCA : Greek capital letter ETA with varia
Ê ῌ ῌ H<Y> U+1FCC : Greek capital letter ETA with prosgegrammeni
I ʽΙ Ἱ I<`> U+1F39 : Greek capital letter IOTA with dasia
Í ʽΊ Ἵ I<`/A> U+1F3D : Greek capital letter IOTA with dasia and oxia
Ì ʽῚ Ἳ I<`/G> U+1F3B : Greek capital letter IOTA with dasia and varia
Î ʽΙ̃ Ἷ I<`/I> U+1F3F : Greek capital letter IOTA with dasia and perispomeni
I ʼΙ Ἰ I<'> U+1F38 : Greek capital letter IOTA with psili
Í ʼΊ Ἴ I<'/A> U+1F3C : Greek capital letter IOTA with psili and oxia
Ì ʼῚ Ἲ I<'/G> U+1F3A : Greek capital letter IOTA with psili and varia
Î ʼΙ̃ Ἶ I<'/I> U+1F3E : Greek capital letter IOTA with psili and perispomeni
Í Ί Ί I<A> U+1FDB : Greek capital letter IOTA with oxia
I Ῐ Ῐ I<B> U+1FD8 : Greek capital letter IOTA with vrachy
Ì Ὶ Ὶ I<G> U+1FDA : Greek capital letter IOTA with varia
I Ῑ Ῑ I<M> U+1FD9 : Greek capital letter IOTA with macron
O ʽΟ Ὁ O<`> U+1F49 : Greek capital letter OMICRON with dasia
Ó ʽΌ Ὅ O<`/A> U+1F4D : Greek capital letter OMICRON with dasia and oxia
Ò ʽῸ Ὃ O<`/G> U+1F4B : Greek capital letter OMICRON with dasia and varia
O ʼΟ Ὀ O<'> U+1F48 : Greek capital letter OMICRON with psili
Ó ʼΌ Ὄ O<'/A> U+1F4C : Greek capital letter OMICRON with psili and oxia
Ò ʼῸ Ὂ O<'/G> U+1F4A : Greek capital letter OMICRON with psili and varia
Ó Ό Ό O<A> U+1FF9 : Greek capital letter OMICRON with oxia
Ò Ὸ Ὸ O<G> U+1FF8 : Greek capital letter OMICRON with varia
R ʽΡ Ῥ R<`> U+1FEC : Greek capital letter RHO with dasia
U ʽΥ Ὑ U<`> U+1F59 : Greek capital letter UPSILON with dasia
Ú ʽΎ Ὕ U<`/A> U+1F5D : Greek capital letter UPSILON with dasia and oxia
Ù ʽῪ Ὓ U<`/G> U+1F5B : Greek capital letter UPSILON with dasia and varia
Û ʽΥ̃ Ὗ U<`/I> U+1F5F : Greek capital letter UPSILON with dasia and perispomeni
Ú Ύ Ύ U<A> U+1FEB : Greek capital letter UPSILON with oxia
U Ῠ Ῠ U<B> U+1FE8 : Greek capital letter UPSILON with vrachy
Ù Ὺ Ὺ U<G> U+1FEA : Greek capital letter UPSILON with varia
U Υ̅ Ῡ U<M> U+1FE9 : Greek capital letter UPSILON with macron
Ô ʽΩ Ὡ W<`> U+1F69 : Greek capital letter OMEGA with dasia
Ô ʽΏ Ὥ W<`/A> U+1F6D : Greek capital letter OMEGA with dasia and oxia
Ô ʽΏͅ ᾭ W<`/A/Y> U+1FAD : Greek capital letter OMEGA with dasia and oxia and prosgegrammeni
Ô ʽῺ Ὣ W<`/G> U+1F6B : Greek capital letter OMEGA with dasia and varia
Ô ʽῺͅ ᾫ W<`/G/Y> U+1FAB : Greek capital letter OMEGA with dasia and varia and prosgegrammeni
Ô ʽΩ̃ Ὧ W<`/I> U+1F6F : Greek capital letter OMEGA with dasia and perispomeni
Ô ʽῼ̃ ᾯ W<`/I/Y> U+1FAF : Greek capital letter OMEGA with dasia and perispomeni and prosgegrammeni
Ô ʽῼ ᾩ W<`/Y> U+1FA9 : Greek capital letter OMEGA with dasia and prosgegrammeni
Ô ʼΩ Ὠ W<'> U+1F68 : Greek capital letter OMEGA with psili
Ô ʼΏ Ὤ W<'/A> U+1F6C : Greek capital letter OMEGA with psili and oxia
Ô ʼΏͅ ᾬ W<'/A/Y> U+1FAC : Greek capital letter OMEGA with psili and oxia and prosgegrammeni
Ô ʼῺ Ὢ W<'/G> U+1F6A : Greek capital letter OMEGA with psili and varia
Ô ʼῺͅ ᾪ W<'/G/Y> U+1FAA : Greek capital letter OMEGA with psili and varia and prosgegrammeni
Ô ʼΩ̃ Ὦ W<'/I> U+1F6E : Greek capital letter OMEGA with psili and perispomeni
Ô ʼῼ̃ ᾮ W<'/I/Y> U+1FAE : Greek capital letter OMEGA with psili and perispomeni and prosgegrammeni
Ô ʼῼ ᾨ W<'/Y> U+1FA8 : Greek capital letter OMEGA with psili and prosgegrammeni
Ô Ώ Ώ W<A> U+1FFB : Greek capital letter OMEGA with oxia
Ô Ὼ Ὼ W<G> U+1FFA : Greek capital letter OMEGA with varia
Ô ῼ ῼ W<Y> U+1FFC : Greek capital letter OMEGA with prosgegrammeni
#
a ἁ ἁ a<`> U+1F01 : Greek small letter alpha with dasia
á ʽά ἅ a<`/A> U+1F05 : Greek small letter alpha with dasia and oxia
á ʽᾴ ᾅ a<`/A/y> U+1F85 : Greek small letter alpha with dasia and oxia and ypogegrammeni
à ʽὰ ἃ a<`/G> U+1F03 : Greek small letter alpha with dasia and varia
à ʽᾲ ᾃ a<`/G/y> U+1F83 : Greek small letter alpha with dasia and varia and ypogegrammeni
â ʽα̃ ἇ a<`/I> U+1F07 : Greek small letter alpha with dasia and perispomeni
â ʽᾳ̃ ᾇ a<`/I/y> U+1F87 : Greek small letter alpha with dasia and perispomeni and ypogegrammeni
a ʽᾳ ᾁ a<`/y> U+1F81 : Greek small letter alpha with dasia and ypogegrammeni
a ἀ ἀ a<'> U+1F00 : Greek small letter alpha with psili
á ʼά ἄ a<'/A> U+1F04 : Greek small letter alpha with psili and oxia
á ʼᾴ ᾄ a<'/A/y> U+1F84 : Greek small letter alpha with psili and oxia and ypogegrammeni
à ʼὰ ἂ a<'/G> U+1F02 : Greek small letter alpha with psili and varia
à ʼᾲ ᾂ a<'/G/y> U+1F82 : Greek small letter alpha with psili and varia and ypogegrammeni
â ʼα̃ ἆ a<'/I> U+1F06 : Greek small letter alpha with psili and perispomeni
â ʼᾳ̃ ᾆ a<'/I/y> U+1F86 : Greek small letter alpha with psili and perispomeni and ypogegrammeni
a ʼᾳ ᾀ a<'/y> U+1F80 : Greek small letter alpha with psili and ypogegrammeni
á ά ά a<A> U+1F71 : Greek small letter alpha with oxia
á ᾴ ᾴ a<A/y> U+1FB4 : Greek small letter alpha with oxia and ypogegrammeni
a ᾰ ᾰ a<B> U+1FB0 : Greek small letter alpha with vrachy
à ὰ ὰ a<G> U+1F70 : Greek small letter alpha with varia
à ᾲ ᾲ a<G/y> U+1FB2 : Greek small letter alpha with varia and ypogegrammeni
â α̃ ᾶ a<I> U+1FB6 : Greek small letter alpha with perispomeni
â ᾳ̃ ᾷ a<I/y> U+1FB7 : Greek small letter alpha with perispomeni and ypogegrammeni
a ᾱ ᾱ a<M> U+1FB1 : Greek small letter alpha with macron
a ᾳ ᾳ a<y> U+1FB3 : Greek small letter alpha with ypogegrammeni
e ἑ ἑ e<`> U+1F11 : Greek small letter epsilon with dasia
é ʽέ ἕ e<`/A> U+1F15 : Greek small letter epsilon with dasia and oxia
è ʽὲ ἓ e<`/G> U+1F13 : Greek small letter epsilon with dasia and varia
e ἐ ἐ e<'> U+1F10 : Greek small letter epsilon with psili
é ʼέ ἔ e<'/A> U+1F14 : Greek small letter epsilon with psili and oxia
è ʼὲ ἒ e<'/G> U+1F12 : Greek small letter epsilon with psili and varia
é έ έ e<A> U+1F73 : Greek small letter epsilon with oxia
è ὲ ὲ e<G> U+1F72 : Greek small letter epsilon with varia
ê ἡ ἡ h<`> U+1F21 : Greek small letter eta with dasia
ê ʽή ἥ h<`/A> U+1F25 : Greek small letter eta with dasia and oxia
ê ʽῄ ᾕ h<`/A/y> U+1F95 : Greek small letter eta with dasia and oxia and ypogegrammeni
ê ʽὴ ἣ h<`/G> U+1F23 : Greek small letter eta with dasia and varia
ê ʽῂ ᾓ h<`/G/y> U+1F93 : Greek small letter eta with dasia and varia and ypogegrammeni
ê ʽη̃ ἧ h<`/I> U+1F27 : Greek small letter eta with dasia and perispomeni
ê ʽῃ̃ ᾗ h<`/I/y> U+1F97 : Greek small letter eta with dasia and perispomeni and ypogegrammeni
ê ʽῃ ᾑ h<`/y> U+1F91 : Greek small letter eta with dasia and ypogegrammeni
ê ἠ ἠ h<'> U+1F20 : Greek small letter eta with psili
ê ʼή ἤ h<'/A> U+1F24 : Greek small letter eta with psili and oxia
ê ʼῄ ᾔ h<'/A/y> U+1F94 : Greek small letter eta with psili and oxia and ypogegrammeni
ê ʼὴ ἢ h<'/G> U+1F22 : Greek small letter eta with psili and varia
ê ʼῂ ᾒ h<'/G/y> U+1F92 : Greek small letter eta with psili and varia and ypogegrammeni
ê ʼη̃ ἦ h<'/I> U+1F26 : Greek small letter eta with psili and perispomeni
ê ʼῃ̃ ᾖ h<'/I/y> U+1F96 : Greek small letter eta with psili and perispomeni and ypogegrammeni
ê ʼῃ ᾐ h<'/y> U+1F90 : Greek small letter eta with psili and ypogegrammeni
ê ή ή h<A> U+1F75 : Greek small letter eta with oxia
ê ῄ ῄ h<A/y> U+1FC4 : Greek small letter eta with oxia and ypogegrammeni
ê ὴ ὴ h<G> U+1F74 : Greek small letter eta with varia
ê ῂ ῂ h<G/y> U+1FC2 : Greek small letter eta with varia and ypogegrammeni
ê η̃ ῆ h<I> U+1FC6 : Greek small letter eta with perispomeni
ê ῃ̃ ῇ h<I/y> U+1FC7 : Greek small letter eta with perispomeni and ypogegrammeni
ê ῃ ῃ h<y> U+1FC3 : Greek small letter eta with ypogegrammeni
i ἱ ἱ i<`> U+1F31 : Greek small letter iota with dasia
í ʽί ἵ i<`/A> U+1F35 : Greek small letter iota with dasia and oxia
ì ʽὶ ἳ i<`/G> U+1F33 : Greek small letter iota with dasia and varia
î ʽι̃ ἷ i<`/I> U+1F37 : Greek small letter iota with dasia and perispomeni
i ἰ ἰ i<'> U+1F30 : Greek small letter iota with psili
í ʼί ἴ i<'/A> U+1F34 : Greek small letter iota with psili and oxia
ì ʼὶ ἲ i<'/G> U+1F32 : Greek small letter iota with psili and varia
î ʼι̃ ἶ i<'/I> U+1F36 : Greek small letter iota with psili and perispomeni
í ί ί i<A> U+1F77 : Greek small letter iota with oxia
i ῐ ῐ i<B> U+1FD0 : Greek small letter iota with vrachy
ì ὶ ὶ i<G> U+1F76 : Greek small letter iota with varia
î ι̃ ῖ i<I> U+1FD6 : Greek small letter iota with perispomeni
i ῑ ῑ i<M> U+1FD1 : Greek small letter iota with macron
í ΐ ΐ i<U/A> U+1FD3 : Greek small letter iota with dialytika and oxia
ì ῒ ῒ i<U/G> U+1FD2 : Greek small letter iota with dialytika and varia
î ϊ̃ ῗ i<U/I> U+1FD7 : Greek small letter iota with dialytika and perispomeni
o ὁ ὁ o<`> U+1F41 : Greek small letter omicron with dasia
ó ʽό ὅ o<`/A> U+1F45 : Greek small letter omicron with dasia and oxia
ò ʽὸ ὃ o<`/G> U+1F43 : Greek small letter omicron with dasia and varia
o ὀ ὀ o<'> U+1F40 : Greek small letter omicron with psili
ó ʼό ὄ o<'/A> U+1F44 : Greek small letter omicron with psili and oxia
ò ʼὸ ὂ o<'/G> U+1F42 : Greek small letter omicron with psili and varia
ó ό ό o<A> U+1F79 : Greek small letter omicron with oxia
ò ὸ ὸ o<G> U+1F78 : Greek small letter omicron with varia
r ῥ ῥ r<`> U+1FE5 : Greek small letter rho with dasia
r ῤ ῤ r<'> U+1FE4 : Greek small letter rho with psili
u ὑ ὑ u<`> U+1F51 : Greek small letter upsilon with dasia
ú ʽύ ὕ u<`/A> U+1F55 : Greek small letter upsilon with dasia and oxia
ù ʽὺ ὓ u<`/G> U+1F53 : Greek small letter upsilon with dasia and varia
û ʽυ̃ ὗ u<`/I> U+1F57 : Greek small letter upsilon with dasia and perispomeni
u ὐ ὐ u<'> U+1F50 : Greek small letter upsilon with psili
ú ʼύ ὔ u<'/A> U+1F54 : Greek small letter upsilon with psili and oxia
ù ʼὺ ὒ u<'/G> U+1F52 : Greek small letter upsilon with psili and varia
û ʼυ̃ ὖ u<'/I> U+1F56 : Greek small letter upsilon with psili and perispomeni
ú ύ ύ u<A> U+1F7B : Greek small letter upsilon with oxia
u ῠ ῠ u<B> U+1FE0 : Greek small letter upsilon with vrachy
ù ὺ ὺ u<G> U+1F7A : Greek small letter upsilon with varia
û υ̃ ῦ u<I> U+1FE6 : Greek small letter upsilon with perispomeni
u ῡ ῡ u<M> U+1FE1 : Greek small letter upsilon with macron
ú ΰ ΰ u<U/A> U+1FE3 : Greek small letter upsilon with dialytika and oxia
ù ῢ ῢ u<U/G> U+1FE2 : Greek small letter upsilon with dialytika and varia
û ϋ̃ ῧ u<U/I> U+1FE7 : Greek small letter upsilon with dialytika and perispomeni
ô ὡ ὡ w<`> U+1F61 : Greek small letter omega with dasia
ô ʽώ ὥ w<`/A> U+1F65 : Greek small letter omega with dasia and oxia
ô ʽῴ ᾥ w<`/A/y> U+1FA5 : Greek small letter omega with dasia and oxia and ypogegrammeni
ô ʽὼ ὣ w<`/G> U+1F63 : Greek small letter omega with dasia and varia
ô ʽῲ ᾣ w<`/G/y> U+1FA3 : Greek small letter omega with dasia and varia and ypogegrammeni
ô ʽω̃ ὧ w<`/I> U+1F67 : Greek small letter omega with dasia and perispomeni
ô ʽῳ̃ ᾧ w<`/I/y> U+1FA7 : Greek small letter omega with dasia and perispomeni and ypogegrammeni
ô ʽῳ ᾡ w<`/y> U+1FA1 : Greek small letter omega with dasia and ypogegrammeni
ô ὠ ὠ w<'> U+1F60 : Greek small letter omega with psili
ô ʼώ ὤ w<'/A> U+1F64 : Greek small letter omega with psili and oxia
ô ʼῴ ᾤ w<'/A/y> U+1FA4 : Greek small letter omega with psili and oxia and ypogegrammeni
ô ʼὼ ὢ w<'/G> U+1F62 : Greek small letter omega with psili and varia
ô ʼῲ ᾢ w<'/G/y> U+1FA2 : Greek small letter omega with psili and varia and ypogegrammeni
ô ʼω̃ ὦ w<'/I> U+1F66 : Greek small letter omega with psili and perispomeni
ô ʼῳ̃ ᾦ w<'/I/y> U+1FA6 : Greek small letter omega with psili and perispomeni and ypogegrammeni
ô ʼῳ ᾠ w<'/y> U+1FA0 : Greek small letter omega with psili and ypogegrammeni
ô ώ ώ w<A> U+1F7D : Greek small letter omega with oxia
ô ῴ ῴ w<A/y> U+1FF4 : Greek small letter omega with oxia and ypogegrammeni
ô ὼ ὼ w<G> U+1F7C : Greek small letter omega with varia
ô ῲ ῲ w<G/y> U+1FF2 : Greek small letter omega with varia and ypogegrammeni
ô ω̃ ῶ w<I> U+1FF6 : Greek small letter omega with perispomeni
ô ῳ̃ ῷ w<I/y> U+1FF7 : Greek small letter omega with perispomeni and ypogegrammeni
ô ῳ ῳ w<y> U+1FF3 : Greek small letter omega with ypogegrammeni