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Albanian Online

Tosk: English Meaning Index

Jonathan Slocum, Brian Joseph, and Angelo Costanzo

This English Index lists, in alphabetical order, seemingly significant words used in the "general meaning" glosses of Base Forms underlying one or more surface (word) forms in lesson texts. For each English word, base forms having that word in their general meanings are shown, along with links to every usage, in every numbered lesson, of the associated surface forms. With this index, one may click on any link to perform a quick "usage look-up," and thereby study how surface forms in texts are constructed from base forms sharing a general English meaning word. In order to reduce clutter in this index, certain high-frequency English "function" words are ignored unless there are no "content" words in the meaning.

This index was created by software, not by human hand, using lesson materials authored with very few constraints on the expression of "meaning" other than it being in English. Selecting significant words from free-form text via software is a notoriously difficult task. For example, while most meanings in these lessons are expressed as "glosses," some or parts may be comments directed toward the human reader, who is expected to discern the difference. Computer software cannot yet make such subtle linguistic distinctions, so all words in a meaning are treated alike. With few exceptions, then, all words are indexed. The results are neither produced nor presented with any claims to superior linguistic sensitivity, but at least the full meaning texts are shown for your inspection and judgment. Modest effort was invested in tuning the software to ignore [apparently] superfluous, high-frequency words (e.g., the preposition "of") that, in the presence of [apparently] more important words, contribute little or no useful information to an index; unfortunately this may result in some words, in some contexts, being unfairly omitted.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to post-medieval Albanian. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (Romanized and Unicode 2) in the upper-left margin.

ABOUT : <për> for, about --: 1.188, 1.196, 2.100, 2.186, 3.35, 3.40, 3.78, 3.83, 3.117, 3.119, 3.128, 3.130, 3.132
ACCOMPLISHED : <kryhem> be accomplished --: 2.269
ACCORDANCE : <pajtim> accordance --: 1.49
AIRPORT : <aeroport> airport --: 2.29
ALBANIA : <Shqipëri> Albania --: 2.94, 2.189, 2.202, 2.229
ALBANIAN : <shqip> Albanian --: 1.13
ALL : <mbarë> all, the entire --: 3.103
ALONE : <vetëm> alone, only --: 2.135, 2.270
ALSO : <edhe> also, yet, still, even --: 2.184, 2.218, 3.98, 3.101
ALWAYS : <gjithmonë> always --: 2.262, 3.84
AMONG : <midis> between, among --: 2.122, 2.181
AND : <dhe> and --: 1.14, 1.27, 1.61, 1.88, 1.92, 1.111, 1.145, 1.149, 1.168, 1.200, 1.208, 2.11, 2.42, 2.44, 2.158, 2.207, 2.234, 2.254, 3.39, 3.184
AND : <e> and --: 3.14, 3.157
ANTHEM : <himn> anthem --: 1.62
APPEARANCE : <pamje> appearance --: 1.84
AREA : <fushë> field, area --: 1.210, 2.41
ARID : <thatë, e> arid --: 2.236
ARRIVED : <porsaardhur, e> newly arrived --: 2.72
AS : <sa> as --: 3.57
AS : <si> as --: 1.185
ASPHALT : <asfalt> asphalt --: 2.47
AT : <në> in, on, at --: 1.7, 1.35, 1.42, 1.45, 1.48, 1.134, 1.202, 1.209, 2.93, 2.109, 2.128, 2.136, 2.141, 2.201, 2.220, 2.228, 2.271, 3.155, 3.178, 3.185
ATTRACTION : <tërheqje> pull, attraction, withdrawal --: 2.101
AUGUST : <gusht> August --: 2.139
AUTUMN : <vjeshtë> autumn --: 2.65, 2.157, 2.203, 2.230
BANK : <breg> bank, hill --: 2.43
BASED : <bazohem> be based --: 1.133
BASIC : <themelor> basic --: 1.187
BE : <jam> be --: 1.11, 1.41, 1.63, 2.62, 2.156, 2.204, 2.231, 2.256, 2.260, 3.5
BEAUTIFUL : <bukur, e> beautiful --: 3.55
BECAUSE : <se> that, than, because --: 2.176, 2.227, 2.257, 2.263, 3.56
BECAUSE : <sepse> because --: 3.203
BEFORE : <para> before --: 2.175
BEGIN : <filloj> start, begin --: 2.126, 2.144, 3.208
BEGINNING : <fillim> beginning --: 2.63
BETWEEN : <midis> between, among --: 2.122, 2.181
BEYOND : <që> since, from, beyond --: 2.127, 3.148
BIG : <madh, e> big, large, great --: 3.13, 3.181, 3.189
BLACK : <zi, e> black --: 2.49
BONE : <eshtër> bone --: 2.103
BOOK : <libër> book --: 2.221
BOSNIAN : <boshnjak> Bosnian --: 1.26
BUILDING : <ndërsë> building --: 2.30
BURNING : <flaktë, e> burning, passionate --: 3.38
BUT : <por> but, however --: 2.130, 2.217
BY : <me> with, by --: 1.50, 1.99, 1.118, 2.208, 2.232, 3.60, 3.92, 3.162
CAN : <mund> can, may --: 2.267
CARRY : <kryej> carry out, perform --: 3.161
CASE : <rast> case, opportunity --: 3.29, 3.52
CHARACTER : <karakter> character --: 1.73
CLIMATE : <klimë> climate --: 2.187
CLOUDY : <vranësirë> cloudy sky --: 2.145
COINCIDENCE : <koicidencë> coincidence --: 2.80
COME : <vij> come --: 2.92
COMPLETELY : <plot> fully, completely, quite --: 3.61
CONCRETE : <beton> concrete --: 2.25
CONDITIONAL : <do> FUTURE/CONDITIONAL --: 1.39, 2.73, 2.239, 3.206
CONSTITUTIONAL : <kushtetues> constitutional --: 1.128
CONTRACT : <kontratë> contract --: 2.131
CULTURAL : <kulturor> cultural --: 1.207
DEFENSE : <mbrojtje> defense, protection --: 1.89, 1.113, 1.158
DEMOCRACY : <demokraci> democracy --: 1.139
DEMOCRATIC : <demokratik> democratic --: 1.190
DEPEND : <varem> hang, depend --: 3.193
DESERVE : <meritoj> deserve --: 3.154
DEVELOPMENT : <zhvillim> development --: 1.189
DISGRACE : <turp> shame, disgrace --: 3.179
DRENCH : <qull> drench --: 2.24
ECONOMIC : <ekonomik> economic --: 1.205
ECONOMY : <ekonomi> economy --: 1.169
END : <fund> end --: 2.137
ENSURE : <siguroj> ensure --: 1.182
ENTIRE : <mbarë> all, the entire --: 3.103
ENTRY : <hyrje> entry --: 3.210
ENVIRONMENT : <mjedis> environment --: 1.160
EPIRUS : <Epir> Epirus --: 3.104, 3.212
EQUAL : <barabartë, e> equal --: 1.195
EQUALITY : <barazi> equality --: 1.140, 1.183
EVEN : <edhe> also, yet, still, even --: 2.184, 2.218, 3.98, 3.101
EVERY : <çdo> every --: 2.66
EXAMPLE : <shëmbëllë> example --: 3.93
EXCEPT : <përveç> except --: 2.69
FALL : <bie> fall --: 2.9
FATE : <fat> fate --: 3.190
FATHERLAND : <atdhe> fatherland --: 3.135
FEMALE : <femër> female --: 1.199
FIDELITY : <besnikëri> fidelity, loyalty, honesty --: 3.96
FIELD : <fushë> field, area --: 1.210, 2.41
FIERY : <zjarrtë, e> fiery, passionate --: 3.43
FIGHT : <luftoj> fight --: 3.116, 3.127
FINAL : <përfundimtar> final --: 2.132
FIRST : <parë, e> first --: 2.147
FLAG : <flamur> flag --: 1.59, 1.91
FOREIGN : <huaj, e> foreign --: 2.8, 2.99
FREEDOM : <liri> liberty, freedom --: 1.137, 1.146, 3.131
FULLY : <plot> fully, completely, quite --: 3.61
FUTURE : <do> FUTURE/CONDITIONAL --: 1.39, 2.73, 2.239, 3.206
GARRISON : <rojë> garrison, guard --: 2.31
GENDER : <gjinor> gender --: 1.184
GENERAL : <gjeneral> general --: 2.70, 2.164, 2.197
GIVE : <jap> give --: 3.18, 3.34, 3.66
GOD : <zot> master, lord, god --: 3.11
GOOD : <mirë, e> good --: 3.32
GOVERNMENT : <qeveri> government --: 2.124
GRAB : <rrëmbej> grab, seize --: 3.75
GREAT : <madh, e> big, large, great --: 3.13, 3.181, 3.189
GUARD : <rojë> garrison, guard --: 2.31
HANG : <varem> hang, depend --: 3.193
HAVE : <kam> have --: 1.30, 2.23, 2.125, 2.160, 2.179, 2.223, 3.65, 3.115, 3.153
HE : <ai, ajo> (s)he, it, that --: 1.28, 1.76, 2.39, 2.74, 2.90, 2.165, 2.198, 2.237, 2.240, 2.258, 2.259, 3.79, 3.176, 3.207
HEALTH : <kthen> turn, return, regain health --: 3.177
HEART : <zëmër> heart --: 3.36
HERE : <këtu> here --: 2.108
HIGH : <lart, e> high, loud --: 3.95
HIGHWAY : <xhade> highway --: 2.51
HILL : <breg> bank, hill --: 2.43
HIS : <tij, e> his, its --: 2.163, 2.266
HONESTY : <besnikëri> fidelity, loyalty, honesty --: 3.96
HONOR : <nder> honor --: 3.120
HOWEVER : <por> but, however --: 2.130, 2.217
HUMAN : <njeri> human, person --: 1.148, 2.67
HUMID : <lagët, e> rainy, humid --: 2.206
IF : <sikur> as if, as though --: 2.59, 2.219
IMPOSSIBLE : <pamundur, e> impossible --: 3.7
IN : <në> in, on, at --: 1.7, 1.35, 1.42, 1.45, 1.48, 1.134, 1.202, 1.209, 2.93, 2.109, 2.128, 2.136, 2.141, 2.201, 2.220, 2.228, 2.271, 3.155, 3.178, 3.185
INHABITANT : <svetigradas> inhabitant of Svetigrad --: 3.9
INTO : <për në> into, towards --: 3.211
IT : <ai, ajo> (s)he, it, that --: 1.28, 1.76, 2.39, 2.74, 2.90, 2.165, 2.198, 2.237, 2.240, 2.258, 2.259, 3.79, 3.176, 3.207
ITS : <tij, e> his, its --: 2.163, 2.266
JUSTICE : <drejtësi> justice --: 1.161
KILL : <vras> kill --: 2.107
KINGDOM : <mbretëri> kingdom --: 3.122
KNOW : <di> know --: 2.166, 2.199
KOSOVO : <Kosovë> Kosovo --: 1.10, 1.69, 1.132, 1.181
LAND : <tokë> soil, land --: 2.6
LANGUAGE : <gjuhë> language --: 1.5, 1.12, 1.15, 1.24, 1.33
LARGE : <madh, e> big, large, great --: 3.13, 3.181, 3.189
LAST : <fundit, e> last --: 2.112
LAW : <ligj> law --: 1.51, 1.100, 1.119, 1.152
LEADERSHIP : <udhëheqje> leadership --: 3.165
LEARN : <mësoj> learn --: 2.180
LEAVE : <lë> leave --: 3.80
LETHARGY : <plogështi> sloth, lethargy --: 3.183
LEVEL : <nivel> level --: 1.36, 1.47
LIBERTY : <liri> liberty, freedom --: 1.137, 1.146, 3.131
LIFE : <jetë> life --: 1.203, 1.214
LONG : <sa> as many as, as soon as, as long as, so much --: 3.156, 3.158
LOOK : <dukem> look, seem --: 2.75, 2.241, 2.261
LORD : <zot> master, lord, god --: 3.11
LOUD : <lart, e> high, loud --: 3.95
LOYALTY : <besnikëri> fidelity, loyalty, honesty --: 3.96
MAKE : <lag> make wet --: 2.40
MALE : <mashkull> male --: 1.201
MANNER : <mënyrë> manner --: 1.85, 1.108
MANY : <sa> as many as, as soon as, as long as, so much --: 3.156, 3.158
MARK : <vulos> seal, mark --: 3.82
MARKET : <treg> market --: 1.171
MASTER : <zot> master, lord, god --: 3.11
MAY : <mund> can, may --: 2.267
MISSION : <mision> mission --: 2.264
MIX : <përziej> mix --: 2.13
MONOTONOUS : <monoton> monotonous --: 2.78
MORE : <më> more --: 3.30, 3.53, 3.187
MUCH : <sa> as many as, as soon as, as long as, so much --: 3.156, 3.158
MULTIETHNIC : <shumetnik> multiethnic --: 1.74
MURAD : <Murat> Murad --: 3.209
MUST : <duhem> must, should --: 3.125, 3.145
MY : <im> my --: 3.166
NATIONAL : <kombëtar> national --: 1.116
NEGATOR : <mos> NEGATOR --: 2.61, 3.175
NEGATOR : <nuk> NEGATOR --: 2.238
NEWLY : <porsaardhur, e> newly arrived --: 2.72
NON-ACTIVE : <u> NON-ACTIVE --: 2.133
NONDISCRIMINATION : <mosdiskriminim> nondiscrimination --: 1.153
NOW : <tani> now --: 3.76, 3.113, 3.123, 3.143
NYJE : <e> NYJE --: 1.9, 1.32, 1.66, 1.68, 1.70, 1.75, 1.86, 1.90, 1.93, 1.95, 1.109, 1.112, 1.114, 1.129, 1.131, 1.136, 1.142, 1.143, 1.147, 1.151, 1.154, 1.156, 1.159, 1.165, 1.170, 1.180, 1.191, 1.194, 1.198, 1.211, 1.213, 2.7, 2.26, 2.28, 2.48, 2.50, 2.64, 2.71, 2.81, 2.98, 2.102, 2.104, 2.106, 2.111, 2.138, 2.146, 2.162, 2.182, 2.188, 2.205, 2.235, 2.244, 2.265, 3.6, 3.12, 3.15, 3.31, 3.37, 3.42, 3.54, 3.62, 3.81, 3.94, 3.121, 3.134, 3.150, 3.160, 3.180, 3.188, 3.191
OFFICIAL : <zyrtar> official --: 1.6, 1.34, 1.44
ON : <në> in, on, at --: 1.7, 1.35, 1.42, 1.45, 1.48, 1.134, 1.202, 1.209, 2.93, 2.109, 2.128, 2.136, 2.141, 2.201, 2.220, 2.228, 2.271, 3.155, 3.178, 3.185
ONE : <një> a, one --: 2.79, 2.96, 3.28, 3.51
ONLY : <vetëm> alone, only --: 2.135, 2.270
ONTO : <mbi> on, onto --: 2.5, 2.46
OPPORTUNITY : <rast> case, opportunity --: 3.29, 3.52
OPPOSITE : <kundrejt> opposite, towards --: 3.99, 3.102
OPPOSITE : <pëkundrazi> quite the opposite --: 2.253
OR : <ose> or --: 1.38
ORDER : <rend> order --: 1.127
OTHER : <tjetër, e> other --: 1.96, 1.212, 2.68, 2.183
PART : <pjesë> part, section, share --: 3.186
PARTICIPATION : <pjesëmarrje> participation --: 1.197
PASSIONATE : <flaktë, e> burning, passionate --: 3.38
PASSIONATE : <zjarrtë, e> fiery, passionate --: 3.43
PEACE : <paqe> peace --: 1.138
PERFORM : <kryej> carry out, perform --: 3.161
PERSON : <njeri> human, person --: 1.148, 2.67
PLURALISM : <pluralizm> pluralism --: 1.163
POLITICAL : <politik> political --: 1.204
POSSIBILITY : <mundësi> possibility --: 1.193
POWER : <pushtet> power --: 1.166
PRAISE : <lavde> praise --: 3.149
PRECISELY : <taman> precisely --: 2.140
PRINCIPLE : <parim> principle --: 1.135
PROGRESSIVE : <po> PROGRESSIVE --: 2.91
PROPERTY : <pronë> property --: 1.157
PROTECTION : <mbrojtje> defense, protection --: 1.89, 1.113, 1.158
PROVINCE : <komunë> province --: 1.37
PULL : <tërheqje> pull, attraction, withdrawal --: 2.101
QUITE : <plot> fully, completely, quite --: 3.61
QUITE : <pëkundrazi> quite the opposite --: 2.253
RAIN : <shi> rain --: 2.10, 2.77, 2.159, 2.209, 2.243, 2.272
RAINY : <lagët, e> rainy, humid --: 2.206
READ : <lexoj> read --: 2.224
REASON : <shkak> reason --: 2.255
REFLECT : <pasqyroj> reflect --: 1.72
REGAIN : <kthen> turn, return, regain health --: 3.177
REGULATED : <rregullohem> be regulated --: 1.98, 1.117
REPUBLIC : <republikë> republic --: 1.8, 1.67, 1.130, 1.179
RESCUE : <shpëtim> rescue, salvation --: 3.129
RESPECT : <respektim> respect --: 1.141
RETURN : <kthen> turn, return, regain health --: 3.177
RIGHT : <drejtë, e> right --: 1.144, 1.155, 3.63
ROMANI : <rom> Romani --: 1.29
RULE : <sundim> rule --: 1.150
RUNWAY : <pistë> runway --: 2.27
SAD : <trishtuar, e> sad --: 2.82
SALVATION : <shpëtim> rescue, salvation --: 3.129
SEAL : <stemë> seal --: 1.60
SEAL : <vulos> seal, mark --: 3.82
SECTION : <pjesë> part, section, share --: 3.186
SEEM : <dukem> look, seem --: 2.75, 2.241, 2.261
SEIZE : <rrëmbej> grab, seize --: 3.75
SEPARATION : <ndarje> separation --: 1.164
SERBIAN : <serb> Serbian --: 1.16
SET : <nisem> set out --: 2.178
SHAME : <turp> shame, disgrace --: 3.179
SHARE : <pjesë> part, section, share --: 3.186
SHINE : <shkëlqej> shine --: 2.45
SHOULD : <duhem> must, should --: 3.125, 3.145
SIGN : <nënshkruaj> sign --: 2.134
SINCE : <që> since, from, beyond --: 2.127, 3.148
SKY : <vranësirë> cloudy sky --: 2.145
SLEET : <sqotë> sleet --: 2.22
SLOTH : <plogështi> sloth, lethargy --: 3.183
SNOW : <dëborë> snow --: 2.12
SO : <pra> so, therefore --: 2.155
SO : <sa> as many as, as soon as, as long as, so much --: 3.156, 3.158
SOCIAL : <shoqëror> social --: 1.215
SOCIAL : <social> social --: 1.162, 1.206
SOCIETY : <shoqëri> society --: 1.192
SOIL : <tokë> soil, land --: 2.6
SOLDIER : <ushtar> soldier --: 2.105, 3.41
SOMETHING : <diçka> something --: 2.185
SOON : <sa> as many as, as soon as, as long as, so much --: 3.156, 3.158
SPRING : <pranvëre> spring --: 2.129
START : <filloj> start, begin --: 2.126, 2.144, 3.208
STATE : <shetëror> state --: 1.167
STATE : <shtet> state --: 2.97
STATE : <shtetëror> state --: 1.65, 1.97
STATUS : <status> status --: 1.31
STILL : <edhe> also, yet, still, even --: 2.184, 2.218, 3.98, 3.101
STRIVE : <përpjek> try, strive --: 3.147
SUBORDINATOR : <të> SUBORDINATOR --: 1.40, 2.60, 2.74, 2.177, 2.225, 2.240, 2.268, 3.17, 3.33, 3.74, 3.79, 3.126, 3.146, 3.174, 3.207
SUCCESS : <sukses> success --: 3.163
SUDDEN : <papritur, e> unexpected, sudden --: 2.245
SUN : <diell> sun --: 2.233
SVETIGRAD : <svetigradas> inhabitant of Svetigrad --: 3.9
SYMBOL : <simbol> symbol --: 1.64, 1.94, 1.115
TALK : <bisedim> talk --: 2.121
THAN : <se> that, than, because --: 2.176, 2.227, 2.257, 2.263, 3.56
THAT : <ai, ajo> (s)he, it, that --: 1.28, 1.76, 2.39, 2.74, 2.90, 2.165, 2.198, 2.237, 2.240, 2.258, 2.259, 3.79, 3.176, 3.207
THAT : <cili, e> that, which --: 1.71, 3.151
THAT : <që> that, which --: 2.200, 2.222, 3.10, 3.59
THAT : <se> that, than, because --: 2.176, 2.227, 2.257, 2.263, 3.56
THEREFORE : <pra> so, therefore --: 2.155
THEY : <ata, ato> they, those --: 3.152
THIS : <ky, kjo> this --: 2.76, 2.167, 2.242, 3.58, 3.192
THOSE : <ata, ato> they, those --: 3.152
THOUGH : <sikur> as if, as though --: 2.59, 2.219
THROUGH : <nga> from, through --: 2.95, 3.182, 3.194, 3.204
TIME : <kohë> time, weather --: 2.142, 2.161
TODAY : <sot> today --: 3.20
TOGETHER : <bashkë> together --: 2.14
TOWARDS : <kundrejt> opposite, towards --: 3.99, 3.102
TOWARDS : <për në> into, towards --: 3.211
TRUE : <vërtetë> true --: 3.16
TRY : <përpjek> try, strive --: 3.147
TURKISH : <turk> Turkish --: 1.25
TURN : <kthen> turn, return, regain health --: 3.177
TWO : <dy> two --: 2.123
UNDER : <nën> under --: 3.164
UNEXPECTED : <papritur, e> unexpected, sudden --: 2.245
UNTIL : <gjer> up to, until --: 3.112
UP : <gjer> up to, until --: 3.112
USE : <përdorim> use --: 1.43, 1.87, 1.110
VALUE : <vlerë> value --: 1.186
VICTORY : <fitore> victory --: 3.118
VOCATIVE : <o> VOCATIVE --: 3.8
WALL : <mur> wall --: 3.133
WAR : <luftë> war --: 2.110, 3.159
WE : <ne> we --: 3.114
WEAPON : <armë> weapon --: 3.77
WEATHER : <kohë> time, weather --: 2.142, 2.161
WET : <lag> make wet --: 2.40
WHEN : <kur> when --: 2.143
WHICH : <cili, e> that, which --: 1.71, 3.151
WHICH : <që> that, which --: 2.200, 2.222, 3.10, 3.59
WHICHEVER : <cilido> whichever --: 1.46
WITHDRAWAL : <tërheqje> pull, attraction, withdrawal --: 2.101
WORLD : <botëror> world --: 2.113
WRITTEN : <shkruhem> be written --: 2.226
YET : <edhe> also, yet, still, even --: 2.184, 2.218, 3.98, 3.101
YOU : <ju> you (pl.) --: 3.17, 3.19, 3.64, 3.124, 3.144, 3.195, 3.205
YOUR : <juaj> your (pl.) --: 3.97