Albanian Online

This Base Form Dictionary index lists, in an alphabetical order suitable to the language and the script employed for it, every unique base form underlying one or more surface (word) forms in lesson texts. For each base form a general meaning (if any) is shown, along with links to every usage, in every numbered lesson, of the associated surface forms. With this index, one may click on any link to perform a quick "usage look-up," and thereby study how surface forms in texts are constructed from base forms.

A new, experimental feature is being introduced to these EIEOL lessons, namely the addition of pointers to Proto-Indo-European roots identified by Julius Pokorny in his monumental work, Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (2 vols. Bern: Franke, 1959-1969; reprinted in 1989). Because Pokorny is becoming increasingly outdated, we may revise these links in the future; however, for the time being, this information might prove interesting to those who are curious about Indo-European etymology. Notice of potential error is always welcome.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to post-medieval Albanian. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (Romanized and Unicode 2) in the upper-left margin.

<a>   or   --

4.48

<ai, ajo>   (s)he, it, that   --   [Pokorny so(s), sā :: (nom. sg. demonstrative stem: he, she)]   --

4.52, 4.55, 4.69, 4.70, 4.73, 4.85, 4.86, 4.92, 4.124, 4.177, 4.186, 4.257

<ambel, e>   sweet   --   [Pokorny om- :: raw, coarse, bitter]   --

4.241

<armë>   weapon   --   [Pokorny 1. ar-, thematic (a)re-, heavy-base arə-, rē-, and i-base (a)rī̆-, rēi- :: to fit, suit]   --

4.68, 4.84

<ashtu>   so, thus   --

5.161, 5.213

<ata, ato>   they, those   --

5.124, 5.154

<bâhem>   become   --

4.125

<bâj>   do, make   --   [Pokorny 1. bhā-, bhō-, bhə- :: to shine, glisten]   --

4.29, 4.41, 5.10, 5.57, 5.61, 5.101, 5.117, 5.140, 5.163, 5.179

<bukë>   bread, food   --

4.127, 4.139, 4.200, 4.219, 4.244

<çdo>   every   --

4.159, 4.197

<çoj>   lead   --   [Pokorny kēi- :: to move, set in motion]   --

4.93

<daj>   separate   --

5.79, 5.128, 5.145

<dal>   leave, go out, rise, arrive   --   [Pokorny dhā̆l- :: to bloom, be green]   --

4.56, 5.104, 5.182

<det>   sea   --

5.234

<ditë>   day   --

4.165, 5.95, 5.188

<do>   FUTURE/CONDITIONAL   --

4.123, 4.152, 4.176

<do>   some   --

4.148

<dritë>   light   --   [Pokorny derk̑- :: to look]   --

5.58, 5.62, 5.74, 5.81, 5.94, 5.105, 5.183

<drû>   wood   --   [Pokorny deru-, dō̆ru-, dr(e)u-, drou-, dreu̯ə- : drū- :: firm, solid; tree, wood]   --

4.111, 4.114

<due>   want   --

4.113

<duhân>   tobacco   --

4.238

<duhet>   must, should, be necessary   --

4.199, 4.215, 4.237

<dukem>   appear   --

5.210

<dytë, e>   second   --   [Pokorny du̯ō(u) :: two, duo]   --

5.187

<dhe>   land, earth   --   [Pokorny g̑hðem-, g̑hðom-, genitive-ablative g̑h(ð)m-és :: earth, ground, soil, humus]   --

5.14, 5.23, 5.227

<e>   NYJE   --

4.6, 4.9, 4.12, 4.44, 4.46, 4.50, 4.96, 4.161, 4.164, 4.174, 4.181, 4.213, 4.220, 4.240, 4.255, 5.6, 5.8, 5.25, 5.28, 5.31, 5.35, 5.40, 5.76, 5.83, 5.97, 5.118, 5.125, 5.142, 5.151, 5.158, 5.174, 5.186, 5.225, 5.229, 5.231

<e>   and   --

4.11, 4.54, 4.72, 4.128, 4.130, 4.140, 4.142, 4.145, 4.147, 4.163, 4.218, 4.243, 4.245, 5.13, 5.22, 5.27, 5.30, 5.38, 5.53, 5.59, 5.70, 5.78, 5.91, 5.96, 5.99, 5.103, 5.113, 5.123, 5.139, 5.144, 5.153, 5.160, 5.171, 5.177, 5.181, 5.196, 5.208, 5.212, 5.222, 5.228, 5.235

<edhe>   also, yet, still, even   --

4.110

<edhe>   and   --

4.90

<erët, e>   darkness   --

5.31, 5.83, 5.97

<ën>   from, by, with   --

5.82, 5.130

<ënbë>   at   --

5.205

<ënbëledh>   gather   --

5.200, 5.230

<ëndë>   in   --

5.5

<ëndënë>   under   --

5.150, 5.203

<falem>   be greeted   --

4.65

<faqe>   page, face, surface   --

5.34

<fir>   fern   --

4.149

<firmuom, e>   vault   --

5.119, 5.126, 5.143, 5.152, 5.159, 5.175

<fond>   pool, deep   --

5.36

<fort>   very, loudly, strongly   --

5.240

<gadi>   ready   --

4.155

<gërshas>   call   --   [Pokorny 4. g^u̯er(ə)- :: to praise, congratulate, raise one's voice]   --

5.92, 5.172, 5.223, 5.233

<gjindem>   be located, be present, exist   --

4.154

<ha>   eat   --

4.202

<hîj>   enter   --

4.25

<jam>   be   --   [Pokorny es- :: is, to be]   --

4.8, 5.24, 5.32, 5.56, 5.75, 5.116, 5.148, 5.156, 5.185, 5.214, 5.239

<kafe>   coffee   --

4.216, 4.239

<kambë>   foot, leg   --

4.188

<ke>   at   --

4.98

<kohë>   time, weather   --   [Pokorny 1. k^u̯ei(-t)- :: to observe with respect, pay attention to]   --

4.160

<krye>   head, beginning   --

4.95

<krypë>   salt   --

4.129, 4.141

<krrabë>   hook   --

4.89

<kush>   someone, anyone   --   [Pokorny k^u̯o-, k^u̯e-, fem. k^u̯ā, k^u̯ei- :: (indefinite/interrogative pronoun)]   --

4.49

<lahem>   be washed   --

4.187

<lodhun, e>   tired   --

4.175

<lshohem>   be given freely   --

4.258

<lypej>   ask for, request   --

4.109

<mâ>   more   --

4.225

<mârr>   take   --   [Pokorny mə-r, genitive mə-n-és, mn̥tós :: hand]   --

4.71

<me>   with, by   --

4.66, 4.180, 4.183, 4.222

<mik>   friend, guest   --

4.13, 4.21, 4.43, 4.67, 4.112, 4.122, 4.157, 4.173, 4.185, 4.198, 4.212, 4.235, 4.254

<mirë>   well   --   [Pokorny 7. mēi- : mōi- : mī- :: mild, soft]   --

5.241

<mirë, e>   good   --   [Pokorny 7. mēi- : mōi- : mī- :: mild, soft]   --

4.214, 5.77

<mish>   meat   --   [Pokorny mēmso-, mē(m)s-ro- :: meat, flesh]   --

4.246

<mund>   can, be able   --   [Pokorny 3. men- :: to think; mind, spiritual activity]   --

4.23

<natë>   night   --   [Pokorny nek^u̯-(t-), nok^u̯-t-s :: night]   --

4.162, 5.98, 5.102, 5.180

<nderë>   honor   --

4.126, 4.184

<ndo'i>   some, any   --

4.223

<në>   in, on, at   --

4.26, 4.31, 4.75, 4.88, 4.94, 4.158

<nuk>   NEGATOR   --

4.22

<një>   a, one   --

5.206

<oborr>   courtyard   --

4.31

<pa>   without   --   [Pokorny apo-, pō̆, ap-u, pu :: off, out of, away from]   --

4.28

<pāfrujt>   fruitless, barren   --   [Pokorny bhrūg- :: fruit; to brook, enjoy]   --

5.26

<pergjegjem>   answer   --

4.53

<perpara>   ahead, forward, forth   --

4.57

<perpushem>   scratch, twitch, stir   --

4.107

<për>   for, about, by, through   --   [Pokorny 2a. per- :: to pass over/beyond]   --

4.150, 4.156, 4.196, 4.211, 4.234, 5.120, 5.149, 5.202

<për-ënbī>   on top of, over, about   --   [Pokorny 2a. per- :: to pass over/beyond]   --

5.33, 5.44, 5.157

<prîj>   lead   --

4.74

<pritun, e>   hospitality   --

4.182

<qi>   that, which   --

5.147, 5.155, 5.184

<qiell>   sky, heaven   --

5.12, 5.176, 5.204

<raki>   raki   --

4.217, 4.242

<rreth>   surrounded   --

4.179

<se>   that   --

5.73, 5.238

<send>   thing, item   --

4.224

<si>   in the way that, such as   --   [Pokorny k^u̯o-, k^u̯e-, fem. k^u̯ā, k^u̯ei- :: (indefinite/interrogative pronoun)]   --

4.201

<si>   upon, when   --   [Pokorny k^u̯o-, k^u̯e-, fem. k^u̯ā, k^u̯ei- :: (indefinite/interrogative pronoun)]   --

4.39

<shekull>   century, time   --

5.9

<shoh>   see   --

5.71, 5.236

<shpi>   house   --

4.5, 4.27, 4.47, 4.51, 4.76, 4.259

<shpirt>   spirit   --

5.39

<shprazëtë, e>   empty   --

5.29

<shqyptar>   Albanian   --

4.7

<shtroj>   lay   --

4.221

<shtrojë>   mattress, bed   --

4.151

<teper>   very, too, excessively   --

4.226

<të>   SUBORDINATOR   --   [Pokorny 1. to-, tā-, ti̯o- :: that, him (neut. or non-nom. demonstrative stem)]   --

4.24, 4.40, 4.124, 4.153, 4.177, 5.127

<trung>   log   --

4.146

<thatë, e>   dry ground   --

5.211, 5.226

<them>   say, speak   --

5.54, 5.114, 5.197

<u>   NON-ACTIVE   --

5.60, 5.100, 5.162, 5.178, 5.199, 5.209

<ujë>   water   --   [Pokorny 9. au̯(e)-, au̯ed-, au̯er- :: to wet, flow, sprinkle; water, river, etc.]   --

5.37, 5.45, 5.122, 5.129, 5.131, 5.146, 5.201, 5.232

<var>   hang   --

4.87

<vend>   place, seat, country   --

4.97, 5.207

<vëliz>   move   --

5.43

<vëtë>   themselves   --

4.203

<viedmi>   midst   --

5.121

<vîhem>   be placed   --

4.178

<votër>   hearth   --   [Pokorny āt(e)r- :: fire]   --

4.99

<ynë>   our   --

5.11, 5.41, 5.55, 5.72, 5.80, 5.93, 5.115, 5.141, 5.173, 5.198, 5.224, 5.237

<zâ>   sound, voice   --   [Pokorny g̑hu̯en- :: to sound]   --

4.30, 4.42

<zanë, e>   beginning, start   --

5.7

<zêmer>   heart   --

4.131, 4.143, 4.256

<zêmret>   cherished   --

4.236

<zjarm>   fire   --   [Pokorny g^u̯her- :: warm, hot]   --

4.108, 4.144

<zot>   master, lord, God   --

4.10, 5.11, 5.42, 5.55, 5.72, 5.80, 5.93, 5.115, 5.141, 5.173, 5.198, 5.224, 5.237

<zoti, e>   owner, boss, master   --

4.45