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Winfred P. Lehmann, Director :: PCL 5.112, 1 University Station S5490 :: Austin, TX 78712 :: 512-471-4566

Hittite Online

Lesson 4

Sara E. Kimball, Winfred P. Lehmann, and Jonathan Slocum

The collection of Hittite legal texts is generally referred to as The Laws, suggesting that it does not make up a document produced by a central authority but rather it is a compilation of civil and criminal law traditionally observed by society, as illustrated by the excerpts given here from among somewhat over two hundred clauses. The earliest record of it dates to the Old Kingdom, about 1650 B.C., but that refers to still earlier versions. Many copies have survived, four from the Old Kingdom alone; these maintain the collection with little or no change. As a general characteristic, the provisions require cooperation rather than vengeance or imprisonment for offenses. Like the initial clauses given here, some deal with criminal offenses such as abduction, theft, homicide and so on. Others deal with civil offenses related to marriage, management of livestock, and various services. Further knowledge of the practice of law in Hittite society is provided by texts on court proceedings and statements by the king or other administrators, but the basic information on legal practice of the Hittites is given in The Laws.

Reading and Textual Analysis

All 10 clauses given here are included in the collection catalogued as "KBo VI," mostly KBo VI 3. The first three clauses (1, 2, 5) deal with criminal offenses; they illustrate nicely the identification of specific offenses and the resultant punishment. The third is especially notable in specifying different punishments according to the type and place of offense. In all three, the sentence translated "he shall look to his house for it" has been the subject of great attention and a variety of interpretations. By what is probably the best interpretation, it indicates that the estate of the person performing a criminal action will be involved in any penalty.

The fourth and fifth clauses (9, 10) deal with less serious offenses; among other things, they illustrate that legal practice has undergone change from former times.

The sixth and seventh clauses (28, 37) deal with civil offenses and are self-explanatory. But if, as in the seventh (37, from KBo VI 2 with a near-duplicate in KBo VI 3), a criminal offense occurs in the attempt at solution, the perpetrator is outlawed as a wolf and subject to the usual punishments for such a criminal offense.

The last three clauses (66, 86, 55) also deal with civil offenses, and illustrate the extent to which the laws deal with minor infractions. Yet the last, 55 (from KBo VI 13 and 26), seems to lead to a remarkably serious punishment. It is explained in accordance with a widespread belief associating a snake with a specific person, and making it clear when killing the snake that a similar action is to strike its surrogate.

1 - tak-ku LÚ-an na-as-ma MUNUS-an su-ul-la-an-na-az ku-is-ki ku-en-zi a-pu-u-un ar-nu-zi Ù 4 SAG.DU pa-a-i LÚ-na-ku MUNUS-na-ku par-na-as-se-e-a su-wa-a-ez-zi

tak-ku -- conjunction; <takku> if -- if
LÚ-an -- noun; Sumerogram <LÚ> man, person + Hittite phonetic complement <-an> (indicating accusative singular animate) -- a man # The Hittite reading is probably pisnan from pis^ena- "male human being" as opposed to antuwahhas- "person, human being."
na-as-ma -- conjunction; <nasma> or -- or
MUNUS-an -- noun; Sumerogram <MUNUS> woman + Hittite phonetic complement <-an> (indicating accusative singular animate) -- a woman # The Hittite reading of Sumerian MUNUS is disputed.
su-ul-la-an-na-az -- noun; ablative singular of <sullātar-> quarrel -- in a quarrel
ku-is-ki -- indefinite pronoun; nominative singular animate of <kuisk-> any/some one/thing -- someone
ku-en-zi -- verb; 3rd person singular present of mi-conjugation <kuēn-> kill, strike -- kills
a-pu-u-un -- demonstrative pronoun; 3rd person singular accusative animate of <apā-> that -- that one
ar-nu-zi -- verb; 3rd person singular present of mi-conjugation <arnu-> bring -- produces # In other words, the killer produces the corpse.
Ù -- conjunction; Akkadogram <Ù> and -- and
4 -- numeral; <4> four -- four # The Hittite reading is mēu-.
SAG.DU -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as accusative plural animate of <SAG.DU> head, human being, worker -- workers # Sumerian SÀG.DU probably lacks plural marking because the preceding numeral indicates plurality.
pa-a-i -- verb; 3rd person singular present of hi-conjugation <pāi-, piya-> give -- provides
LÚ-na-ku -- noun; Sumerogram <LÚ> man, person + Hittite phonetic complement <-na-> (indicating accusative singular animate) + enclitic conjunction <-ku> whether, or -- whether a man
MUNUS-na-ku -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as nominative singular of <MUNUS> woman + Hittite phonetic complement <-na-> (indicating accusative singular animate) + enclitic conjunction <-ku> whether, or -- or a woman # The enclitic conjunction sequence -kku ... -kku is archaic and marks a disjunction. For the type, cf. e.g., English 'whether ... or not'.
par-na-as-se-e-a -- noun; allative of <pēr, parn-> house + enclitic possessive pronoun; 3rd person singular dative <-sse> his + enclitic conjunction <-a-> but -- but to his house
su-wa-a-ez-zi -- verb; 3rd person singular present of mi-conjugation <suwāye-> look -- he looks # The expression parnassea suāizzi means that responsibility devolves upon the house and estate of the culprit.

2 - tak-ku ARAD-an na-as-ma GEME-an su-ul-la-an-na-az ku-is-ki ku-en-zi a-pu-u-un ar-nu-zi Ù 2 SAG.DU pa-a-i LÚ-na-ku MUNUS-na-ku par-na-as-se-e-a su-wa-a-ez-zi

tak-ku -- conjunction; <takku> if -- if
ARAD-an -- noun; Sumerogram <ARAD> slave, servant, vassal + Hittite phonetic complement <-an> (indicating accusative singular animate) -- a male slave # The Hittite reading is hurtalan.
na-as-ma -- conjunction; <nasma> or -- or
GEME-an -- noun; Sumerogram <GEME> female slave + Hittite phonetic complement <-an> (indicating accusative singular animate) -- a female slave
su-ul-la-an-na-az -- noun; ablative singular of <sullātar-> quarrel -- in a quarrel
ku-is-ki -- indefinite pronoun; nominative singular animate of <kuisk-> any/some one/thing -- someone
ku-en-zi -- verb; 3rd person singular present of mi-conjugation <kuēn-> kill, strike -- kills
a-pu-u-un -- demonstrative pronoun; 3rd person singular accusative animate of <apā-> that -- that one
ar-nu-zi -- verb; 3rd person singular present of mi-conjugation <arnu-> bring -- produces
Ù -- conjunction; Akkadogram <Ù> and -- and
2 -- numeral; <2> two -- two # The Hittite reading is unclear.
SAG.DU -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as accusative plural animate of <SAG.DU> head, human being, worker -- workers
pa-a-i -- verb; 3rd person singular present of hi-conjugation <pāi-, piya-> give -- provides
LÚ-na-ku -- noun; Sumerogram <LÚ> man, person + Hittite phonetic complement <-na-> (indicating accusative singular animate) + enclitic conjunction <-ku> whether, or -- whether a man
MUNUS-na-ku -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as nominative singular of <MUNUS> woman + Hittite phonetic complement <-na-> (indicating accusative singular animate) + enclitic conjunction <-ku> whether, or -- or a woman
par-na-as-se-e-a -- noun; allative of <pēr, parn-> house + enclitic possessive pronoun; 3rd person singular dative <-sse> his + enclitic conjunction <-a-> but -- but to his house
su-wa-a-ez-zi -- verb; 3rd person singular present of mi-conjugation <suwāye-> look -- he looks

5 - tak-ku ^LÚDAM.GÀR ^URUHa-at-ti ku-is-ki ku-en-zi 1 ME MA.NA KÙ.BABBAR pa-a-i par-na-as-se-e-a su-wa-a-ez-zi tak-ku I-NA KUR ^URULu-ú-i-ya na-as-ma I-NA KUR ^URUPa-la-a 1 ME MA.NA KÙ.BABBAR pa-a-i a-as-su-se-et-ta sar-ni-ik-zi ma-a-an I-NA KUR ^URUHa-at-ti nu-za ú-na-at-tal-la-an-pat ar-nu-uz-zi

tak-ku -- conjunction; <takku> if -- if
^LÚDAM.GÀR -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as accusative singular animate of <DAM.GÁR> merchant -- a merchant # The Hittite reading is unattallan as in the final line of the passage.
^URUHa-at-ti -- proper noun; stem form functioning here as genitive singular <Hatti> Hatti -- of the land of Hatti
ku-is-ki -- indefinite pronoun; nominative singular animate of <kuisk-> any/some one/thing -- someone
ku-en-zi -- verb; 3rd person singular present of mi-conjugation <kuēn-> kill, strike -- kills
1 -- numeral; <1> one -- one
ME -- numeral; Akkadian <MĒ> one hundred -- hundred
MA.NA -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as accusative singular of <MANA> mina -- mina # The Sumerian mina was a unit of measure for precious metals. Coins had not yet been invented.
KÙ.BABBAR -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as genitive singular of <KÙ.BABBAR> silver -- of silver
pa-a-i -- verb; 3rd person singular present of hi-conjugation <pāi-, piya-> give -- provides
par-na-as-se-e-a -- noun; allative of <pēr, parn-> house + enclitic possessive pronoun; 3rd person singular dative <-sse> his + enclitic conjunction <-a-> but -- but to his house
su-wa-a-ez-zi -- verb; 3rd person singular present of mi-conjugation <suwāye-> look -- he looks
tak-ku -- conjunction; <takku> if -- if
I-NA -- preposition; Akkadogram <INA> (functioning as graphic indicator of the dative-locative) -- in
KUR -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as dative-locative singular <KUR> land, territory -- the territory # The Hittite reading is udnī.
^URULu-ú-i-ya -- proper noun; stem form functioning here as genitive singular of <Lūiya-> Luvian territory -- Luwiya # The phrase KUR ^URUCity-Name is the regular expression for the territory including and controlled by the designated city-state.
na-as-ma -- conjunction; <nasma> or -- or
I-NA -- preposition; Akkadogram <INA> (functioning as graphic indicator of the dative-locative) -- in
KUR -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as dative-locative singular <KUR> land, territory -- the territory
^URUPa-la-a -- proper noun; stem form functioning here as genitive singular of <Palā-> Palaic territory -- Pala
1 -- numeral; <1> one -- one
ME -- numeral; Akkadian <MĒ> one hundred -- hundred
MA.NA -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as accusative singular of <MANA> mina -- mina
KÙ.BABBAR -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as genitive singular of <KÙ.BABBAR> silver -- of silver
pa-a-i -- verb; 3rd person singular present of hi-conjugation <pāi-, piya-> give -- provides
a-as-su-se-et-ta -- noun; accusative plural neuter of <āssu-> goods, possessions + enclitic possessive pronoun; 3rd person singular neuter <-ssett> his + enclitic conjunction <-a-> and -- and his wares
sar-ni-ik-zi -- verb; 3rd person singular present of mi-conjugation <sarnink-> make restitution -- he shall replace
ma-a-an -- conjunction; <mān> if, when -- if
I-NA -- preposition; Akkadogram <INA> (functioning as graphic indicator of the dative-locative) -- in
KUR -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as dative-locative singular <KUR> land, territory -- the territory
^URUHa-at-ti -- proper noun; stem form functioning here as genitive singular <Hatti> Hatti -- of Hatti
nu-za -- sentence particle; <nu> and + enclitic reflexive particle <-za>... -- and
ú-na-at-tal-la-an-pat -- noun; accusative singular animate of <unatalla-> merchant + emphasizing particle <-pat>... -- the merchant himself # Presuably if the homicide occurred within Hittite home territory it was reasonable to expect the killer to produce the body of the merchant for burial.
ar-nu-uz-zi -- verb; 3rd person singular present of mi-conjugation <arnu-> bring -- produces

9 - tak-ku LÚ.U₁₉.LU SAG.DU-ZU ku-is-ki hu-u-ni-ik-zi ka-ru-ú 6 GÍN KÙ.BABBAR pi-is-ke-er nu hu-u-ni-in-kan-za 3 GÍN KÙ.BABBAR da-a-i A-NA É.GAL 3 GÍN KÙ.BABBAR da-as-ke-er ki-nu-na LUGAL-us ŠA É.GAL pe-es-si-et nu-za hu-u-ni-in-kan-za-pat 3 GÍN KÙ.BABBAR da-a-i

tak-ku -- conjunction; <takku> if -- if
LÚ.U₁₉.LU -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as accusative singular animate of <LÚ.U₁₉.LU> person -- a person's
SAG.DU-ZU -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as accusative singular of <SAG> head + Akkadian enclitic 3rd person singular possessive pronoun <-ZU>... -- head # Although the Hittite word underlying the Sumerogram is harsar 'head', the corresponding word in Akkadian, qaqqu, has a stem ending in a dental, and the spelling of the possessive pronoun follows Akkadian spelling conventions, i.e qaz-zu.
ku-is-ki -- indefinite pronoun; nominative singular animate of <kuisk-> any/some one/thing -- someone
hu-u-ni-ik-zi -- verb; 3rd person singular present of mi-conjugation <hūnink-> harm, injure -- injures
ka-ru-ú -- adverb; <karū> before, previously -- previously
6 -- numeral; <6> six -- six # The Hittite reading is unknown.
GÍN -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as accusative plural <GÍN> shekel -- shekels
KÙ.BABBAR -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as genitive singular of <KÙ.BABBAR> silver -- of silver
pi-is-ke-er -- verb; iterative 3rd person plural preterite of hi-conjugation <pāi-, piya-> give -- they used to give
nu -- sentence particle; <nu> and -- and
hu-u-ni-in-kan-za -- verb; nominative singular animate of participle <hūninkant-> injured -- the injured person
3 -- numeral; <3> three -- three # Related forms in tri- and teri- occur, and it seems likely that the numeral was inherited from Indo-European, but its exact reading is unknown.
GÍN -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as accusative plural <GÍN> shekel -- shekels
KÙ.BABBAR -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as genitive singular of <KÙ.BABBAR> silver -- of silver
da-a-i -- verb; 3rd person singular present of hi-conjugation <dā-> take -- he takes
A-NA -- preposition; Akkadogram <ANA> (functioning as graphic indicator of the dative) -- for
É.GAL -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as dative singular of <É.GAL> palace -- the palace
3 -- numeral; <3> three -- three
GÍN -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as accusative plural <GÍN> shekel -- shekels
KÙ.BABBAR -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as genitive singular of <KÙ.BABBAR> silver -- of silver
da-as-ke-er -- verb; iterative 3rd person plural preterite of hi-conjugation <dā-> take -- they used to take
ki-nu-na -- adverb; <kinun> now + enclitic conjunction <-a-> but -- but now
LUGAL-us -- noun; Sumerogram <LUGAL> king + Hittite phonetic complement <-us> (indicating nominative singular animate) -- the king
ŠA -- preposition Akkadogram <^ŠA> (functioning as graphic indicator of the genitive) -- of
É.GAL -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as genitive singular of <É.GAL> palace -- the palace
pe-es-si-et -- verb; 3rd person singular preterite of mi-conjugation <pēssiya-> throw -- has waived
nu-za -- sentence particle; <nu> and + enclitic reflexive particle <-za>... -- and
hu-u-ni-in-kan-za-pat -- verb participle; nominative singular animate of <hūnink-> harm, injure + emphasizing particle <-pat>... -- the injured party alone
3 -- numeral; <3> three -- three
GÍN -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as accusative plural <GÍN> shekel -- shekels
KÙ.BABBAR -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as genitive singular of <KÙ.BABBAR> silver -- of silver
da-a-i -- verb; 3rd person singular present of hi-conjugation <dā-> take -- takes

10 - tak-ku LÚ.U₁₉.LU-an ku-is-ki hu-ú-ni-ik-zi ta-an is-tar-ni-ik-zi nu a-pu-u-un sa-a-ak-ta-a-iz-zi pe-e-di-is-si-ma LÚ.U₁₉.LU-an pa-a-i nu É-ri-is-si an-ni-es-ke-ez-zi ku-it-ma-a-na-as la-a-az-zi-at-ta ma-a-na-as la-az-zi-at-ta-ma nu-us-se 6 GÍN KÙ.BABBAR pa-a-i ^LÚA.ZU-ya ku-us-sa-an a-pa-a-as-pat pa-a-i

tak-ku -- conjunction; <takku> if -- if
LÚ.U₁₉.LU-an -- noun; Sumerogram <LÚ.U₁₉.LU> person + Hittite phonetic complement <-an> (indicating accusative singular animate) -- a person # The Hittite reading is antuhsan.
ku-is-ki -- indefinite pronoun; nominative singular animate of <kuisk-> any/some one/thing -- someone
hu-ú-ni-ik-zi -- verb; 3rd person singular present of mi-conjugation <hūnink-> harm, injure -- injures
ta-an -- sentence particle; <ta> and + enclitic personal pronoun; 3rd person singular accusative animate of <-an> him, her, it -- him
is-tar-ni-ik-zi -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <istarnink-> take sick, sicken -- makes... ill
nu -- sentence particle; <nu> and -- ...
a-pu-u-un -- demonstrative pronoun; 3rd person singular accusative animate of <apā-> that -- for him
sa-a-ak-ta-a-iz-zi -- verb; 3rd person singular present of mi-conjugation <saktāi-> perform sick maintenance -- he performs sick maintenance
pe-e-di-is-si-ma -- noun; dative singular of <pēda> place + enclitic possessive pronoun; 3rd person singular dative of <-sis> his, her, its + enclitic conjunction <-ma> but, and -- in his place
LÚ.U₁₉.LU-an -- noun; Sumerogram <LÚ.U₁₉.LU> person + Hittite phonetic complement <-an> (indicating accusative singular animate) -- a person
pa-a-i -- verb; 3rd person singular present of hi-conjugation <pāi-, piya-> give -- he provides
nu -- sentence particle; <nu> and -- ...
É-ri-is-si -- noun; Sumerogram <É> house + Hittite phonetic complement <-ri-> (indicating dative-locative singular) + enclitic possessive pronoun; 3rd person singular <-ssi> his, her, its -- his estate # The Hittite reading is pēri-ssi.
an-ni-es-ke-ez-zi -- verb; 3rd person plural present iterative of <anniya-> do, work -- to work
ku-it-ma-a-na-as -- conjunction; <kuitmān> until, while + enclitic personal pronoun; nominative singular animate of <-as> he, she, it -- while he
la-a-az-zi-at-ta -- verb; 3rd person singular middle present of <lazziya-> get better -- recovers
ma-a-na-as -- adverb; <mān> if, when + enclitic personal pronoun; nominative singular animate of <-as> he, she, it -- when he
la-az-zi-at-ta-ma -- verb; 3rd person singular middle present of <lazziya-> get better + enclitic conjunction <-ma> but, and -- recovers
nu-us-se -- sentence particle; <nu> and + enclitic personal pronoun; 3rd person singular dative of <-ssi> he, she, it -- him
6 -- numeral; <6> six -- six
GÍN -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as accusative plural <GÍN> shekel -- shekels
KÙ.BABBAR -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as genitive singular of <KÙ.BABBAR> silver -- of silver
pa-a-i -- verb; 3rd person singular present of hi-conjugation <pāi-, piya-> give -- will give
^LÚA.ZU-ya -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as genitive singular of <A.ZU> doctor + enclitic conjunction <-ya> and -- and the doctor's # The enclitic conjunction -a- is normally written -ya- after Sumerograms.
ku-us-sa-an -- noun; accusative singular of <kussan> fee, price -- fee
a-pa-a-as-pat -- demonstrative pronoun; nominative singular animate of <apā-> that + emphasizing particle <pat> himself -- he... himself
pa-a-i -- verb; 3rd person singular present of hi-conjugation <pāi-, piya-> give -- will also pay

28 - tak-ku DUMU.MUNUS LÚ-ni ta-ra-an-za ta-ma-i-sa-an pit-te-nu-uz-zi ku-us-sa-an pit-te-nu-uz-zi-ma nu ha-an-te-ez-zi-ya-as LÚ-as ku-it ku-it pe-es-ta ta-as-se sar-ni-ik-zi at-ta-as-sa an-na-as Ú-UL sar-ni-in-kan-zi
tak-ku-wa-an at-ta-as an-na-as-sa ta-me-e-da-ni LÚ-ni pi-an-zi nu at-ta-as an-na-as-sa sar-ni-in-kan-zi
tak-ku at-ta-as-sa an-na-as mi-im-ma-i na-an-si-kan tuh-sa-an-ta

tak-ku -- conjunction; <takku> if -- if
DUMU.MUNUS -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as nominative singular animate of <DUMU.MUNUS> girl, daughter -- girl
LÚ-ni -- noun; Sumerogram <LÚ> man, person + Hittite phonetic complement <-ni> (indicating dative singular) -- to a man # The Hittite reading is pisni or piseni.
ta-ra-an-za -- verb participle; nominative singular animate of <tē-, tar-> declare, promise -- is promised
ta-ma-i-sa-an -- pronoun; nominative singular animate of <taimāi-> other + enclitic personal pronoun; 3rd person singular accusative animate of <-an> him, her, it -- another
pit-te-nu-uz-zi -- verb; 3rd person singular present of mi-conjugation <pittenu-> take away -- abducts her
ku-us-sa-an -- noun; accusative singular of <kussan> fee, price -- brideprice
pit-te-nu-uz-zi-ma -- verb; 3rd person singular present of mi-conjugation <pittenu-> take away + enclitic conjunction <-ma> but, and -- and steals
nu -- sentence particle; <nu> and -- ...
ha-an-te-ez-zi-ya-as -- adjective; nominative singular animate of <hantezziya-> first, oldest -- the first
LÚ-as -- noun; Sumerogram <LÚ> man, person + Hittite phonetic complement <-as> (indicating nominative singular animate) -- man
ku-it ku-it -- indefinite relative pronoun; accusative singular neuter of <kui kui> whatever -- whatever
pe-es-ta -- verb; 3rd person singular preterite of hi-conjugation <pāi-, piya-> give -- he paid
ta-as-se -- sentence particle; <ta> and + enclitic personal pronoun; 3rd person singular dative <-sse> he -- to him
sar-ni-ik-zi -- verb; 3rd person singular present of mi-conjugation <sarnink-> make restitution -- makes restitution
at-ta-as-sa -- noun; nominative singular animate of <atta-> father + enclitic conjunction <-a> and -- the father
an-na-as -- noun; nominative singular animate of <anna-> mother -- and mother
Ú-UL -- adverb; Akkadian negative <ŪL> not -- do not
sar-ni-in-kan-zi -- verb; 3rd person plural present of mi-conjugation <sarnink-> make restitution -- make restitution
tak-ku-wa-an -- conjunction <takku> if + enclitic personal pronoun; 3rd person singular accusative animate of <-an> him, her, it -- if her # This is an unusual spelling of takku 'if' plus -an with a hiatus-filling glide, perhaps indicating a pronunciation [takuw-an].
at-ta-as -- noun; nominative singular animate of <atta-> father -- the father
an-na-as-sa -- noun; nominative singular animate of <anna-> mother + enclitic conjunction <-a> and -- and mother
ta-me-e-da-ni -- pronoun; dative singular of <tamāi-> other -- to another
LÚ-ni -- noun; Sumerogram <LÚ> man, person + Hittite phonetic complement <-ni> (indicating dative singular) -- man
pi-an-zi -- verb; 3rd person plural present of hi-conjugation <pāi-, piya-> give -- give
nu -- sentence particle; <nu> and -- then
at-ta-as -- noun; nominative singular animate of <atta-> father -- the father
an-na-as-sa -- noun; nominative singular animate of <anna-> mother + enclitic conjunction <-a> and -- and mother
sar-ni-in-kan-zi -- verb; 3rd person plural present of mi-conjugation <sarnink-> make restitution -- do make restitution
tak-ku -- conjunction; <takku> if -- if
at-ta-as-sa -- noun; nominative singular animate of <atta-> father + enclitic conjunction <-a> and -- the father
an-na-as -- noun; nominative singular animate of <anna-> mother -- and mother
mi-im-ma-i -- verb; 3rd person singular present of hi-conjugation <mimma-> refuse, reject -- refuse # The compound subject attass-a annas "father-and mother" is viewed as a single unit and takes singular verb agreement.
na-an-si-kan -- sentence particle; <nu> and + enclitic personal pronoun; 3rd person singular accusative animate of <-an> him, her, it + enclitic personal pronoun 3rd person singular dative of <-si-> him, her it + locatival particle <-kan> (indicating downward motion) -- her from him
tuh-sa-an-ta -- verb; 3rd person plural middle present of <tuhhus-> cut off, separate -- they shall separate

37 - tak-ku MUNUS-an ku-is-ki pit-te-nu-uz-zi EGIR-an-da-ma-as-ma-as sar-di-ya-as pa-iz-zi tak-ku 2 LÚ^MEŠ na-as-ma 3 LÚ^MEŠ ak-kan-zi sar-ni-ik-zi-il NU.GÁL zi-ik-wa UR.BARRA ki-sa-at

tak-ku -- conjunction; <takku> if -- if
MUNUS-an -- noun; Sumerogram <MUNUS> woman + Hittite phonetic complement <-an> (indicating accusative singular animate) -- a woman
ku-is-ki -- indefinite pronoun; nominative singular animate of <kuisk-> any/some one/thing -- someone
pit-te-nu-uz-zi -- verb; 3rd person singular present of mi-conjugation <pittenu-> take away -- abducts
EGIR-an-da-ma-as-ma-as -- adverb; Sumerogram <EGIR> after + Hittite phonetic complement <-an-da>... + enclitic conjunction <-ma> but, and + enclitic personal pronoun; 3rd person plural dative <-smas> they -- but after them # The phonetic complement in EGIR-an-da indicates a Hittite reading āppanda.
sar-di-ya-as -- noun; nominative singular animate of <sardiya-> helper -- a helper # The duplicate KBo VI 3 has the nominative plural in -ēs as well as the third person plural of pāi-, pānzi, which would make more sense, since the law concerns the killing of two or more of a group of men who go after the abductor to rescue the girl.
pa-iz-zi -- verb; 3rd person singular present of mi-conjugation <pāi-> go -- goes after
tak-ku -- conjunction; <takku> if -- if
2 -- numeral; <2> two -- two
LÚ^MEŠ -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as nominative animate <LÚ> man, person + Sumerian plural marker <-MEŠ>... -- men
na-as-ma -- conjunction; <nasma> or -- or
3 -- numeral; <3> three -- three
LÚ^MEŠ -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as nominative animate <LÚ> man, person + Sumerian plural marker <-MEŠ>... -- men
ak-kan-zi -- verb; 3rd person singular present of hi-conjugation <āk-, akk-> die -- die
sar-ni-ik-zi-il -- noun; nominative singular of <sarnikzil> restitution -- restitution
NU.GÁL -- verb; Sumerogram <NU.GÁL> there is not -- there is no
zi-ik-wa -- tonic personal pronoun; 2nd person singular nominative <zik> you + quotative particle <-wa>... -- you
UR.BARRA -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as nominative singular animate of <UR.BARRA> wolf -- a wolf
ki-sa-at -- verb; 2nd person singular middle preterite of <kīs-> become, happen -- have become # Apparently this is a quotation of a formula declaring the abductor to be an outlaw.

66 - tak-ku GU₄.APIN.LÀL tak-ku ANŠE.KU.RA tu-u-ri-ya-u-wa-as tak-ku ^GU₄ÁB tak-ku ANŠE.MUNUS.AL.LAL ha-a-li-as har-ap-ta tak-ku MÁŠ.GAL e-na-an-za tak-ku UDU.SÍG.MUNUS tak-ku UDU.NITÁ a-sa-u-ni har-ap-ta is-ha-as-si-sa-an ú-e-mi-ya-az-zi na-an-za sa-ku-wa-as-sa-ra-an-pat da-a-i ^LÚNÍ-ZU-an Ú-UL e-ep-zi

tak-ku -- conjunction; <takku> if -- if
GU₄.APIN.LÀL -- noun; Sumerogram nominative singular of <GU₄.APIN.LÀL> plow ox -- a plow ox
tak-ku -- conjunction; <takku> if -- if
ANŠE.KU.RA -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as nominative singular of <ANŠE.KU.RA> horse -- a horse
tu-u-ri-ya-u-wa-as -- adjective; genitive singular of <tūriyawar> harness -- draft
tak-ku -- conjunction; <takku> if -- if
^GU₄ÁB -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as nominative singular of <^GU₄ÁB> heifer -- a heifer
tak-ku -- conjunction; <takku> if -- if
ANŠE.MUNUS.AL.LAL -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as nominative singular of <ANŠE.MUNUS.AL.LAL> mare -- a mare
ha-a-li-as -- noun; dative-locative plural of <hāli-> corral -- corral
har-ap-ta -- verb; 3rd person singular preterite of mi-conjugation <harp-> separate -- wanders to
tak-ku -- conjunction; <takku> if -- if
MÁŠ.GAL -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as nominative singular of <MÁŠ.GAL> he-goat -- a he-goat
e-na-an-za -- adjective; nominative singular of <enant-> tame? -- tame?
tak-ku -- conjunction; <takku> if -- if
UDU.SÍG.MUNUS -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as nominative singular of <UDU.SÍG.MUNUS> ewe -- a ewe
tak-ku -- conjunction; <takku> if -- if
UDU.NITÁ -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as nominative singular of <UDU.NITÁ> ram -- a ram
a-sa-u-ni -- noun; dative singular of <asāwar> fold -- to a fold
har-ap-ta -- verb; 3rd person singular preterite of mi-conjugation <harp-> separate -- wanders
is-ha-as-si-sa-an -- noun; nominative singular of <ishā-> master + enclitic possessive pronoun; 3rd person singular nominative <-sis> his, her, its + enclitic personal pronoun; 3rd person singular accusative animate of <-an> him, her, it -- and its master
ú-e-mi-ya-az-zi -- verb; 3rd person singular present of mi-conjugation <wemiya-> find -- finds
na-an-za -- sentence particle; <nu> and + enclitic personal pronoun; 3rd person singular accusative animate of <-an> him, her, it + enclitic reflexive particle <-za>... -- it
sa-ku-wa-as-sa-ra-an-pat -- adverb; <sakuwasaran> right + emphasizing particle <-pat>... -- by right
da-a-i -- verb; 3rd person singular present of hi-conjugation <dā-> take -- takes
^LÚNÍ-ZU-an -- noun; Sumerogram <^LÚNÍ-ZU> thief + Hittite phonetic complement <-an> (indicating accusative singular animate) -- as a thief
Ú-UL -- adverb; Akkadian negative <ŪL> not -- not
e-ep-zi -- verb; 3rd person singular present of mi-conjugation <ēpp-> take, seize -- shall... seize

86 - tak-ku ŠAH se-e-li-ya na-as-ma A.ŠÀ-ni ^GIŠKIRI₆-ni pa-iz-zi ta se-e-li-ya-as is-ha-a-as A.ŠÀ-na-as ^GIŠKIRI₆-as wa-al-ah-zi na-as a-ki na-an is-hi-is-si EGIR-pa pa-a-i tak-ku-an Ú-UL-ma pa-a-i na-as ^LÚNÍ-ZU-as ki-i-sa

tak-ku -- conjunction; <takku> if -- if
ŠAH -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as nominative singular of <ŠAH> pig -- a pig
se-e-li-ya -- noun; allative of <sēli-> grain pile -- into a grain pile
na-as-ma -- conjunction; <nasma> or -- or
A.ŠÀ-ni -- noun; Sumerogram <A.ŠÀ> field + Hittite phonetic complement <-ni> (indicating dative singular) -- into a field
^GIŠKIRI₆-ni -- noun; Sumerogram <^GIŠKIRI₆> orchard + Hittite phonetic complement <-ni> (indicating dative singular) -- into an orchard
pa-iz-zi -- verb; 3rd person singular present of mi-conjugation <pāi-> go -- goes
ta -- sentence particle; <ta> and -- and
se-e-li-ya-as -- noun; genitive singular of <sēli-> grain pile -- of the grain pile
is-ha-a-as -- noun; nominative singular animate of <ishā-> master -- the owner
A.ŠÀ-na-as -- noun; Sumerogram <A.ŠÀ> field + Hittite phonetic complement <-na-as> (indicating genitive singular) -- of the field
^GIŠKIRI₆-as -- noun; Sumerogram <^GIŠKIRI₆> orchard + Hittite phonetic complement <-na-as> (indicating genitive singular) -- or of the orchard
wa-al-ah-zi -- verb; 3rd person singular present of mi-conjugation <walh-> attack, strike -- strikes
na-as -- sentence particle; <nu> and + enclitic personal pronoun; 3rd person singular nominative animate of <-as> he, she, it -- and it
a-ki -- verb; 3rd person singular present of hi-conjugation <āk-, akk-> die -- dies
na-an -- sentence particle; <nu> and + enclitic personal pronoun; 3rd person singular accusative animate of <-an> him, her, it -- it
is-hi-is-si -- noun; dative singular of <ishā-> master + enclitic possessive pronoun; 3rd person singular of <-ssi> his, her, its -- to its master
EGIR-pa -- adverb; Sumerogram <EGIR> back, again + Hittite phonetic complement <-pa>... -- back
pa-a-i -- verb; 3rd person singular present of hi-conjugation <pāi-, piya-> give -- gives
tak-ku-an -- conjunction; <takku> if + enclitic personal pronoun; 3rd person singular accusative animate of <-an> him, her, it -- it
Ú-UL-ma -- adverb; Akkadian negative <ŪL> no, not + enclitic conjunction <-ma> but, and -- but not
pa-a-i -- verb; 3rd person singular present of hi-conjugation <pāi-, piya-> give -- gives
na-as -- sentence particle; <nu> and + enclitic personal pronoun; 3rd person singular nominative animate of <-as> he, she, it -- he
^LÚNÍ-ZU-as -- noun; Sumerogram <^LÚNÍ-ZU> thief + Hittite phonetic complement <-as> (indicating nominative singular animate) -- a thief
ki-i-sa -- verb; 3rd person singular present middle of <kīs-> become, happen -- becomes

55 - tak-ku LÚ EL-LAM MUŠ-an ku-en-zi ta-me-el-la ŠUM-an te-ez-zi 1 MA.NA KÙ.BABBAR pa-a-i tak-ku ARAD-ma a-pa-a-as-pat a-ki

tak-ku -- conjunction; <takku> if -- if
LÚ -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as nominative singular animate of <LÚ> man, person -- a man
EL-LAM -- adjective; Akkadogram functioning here as nominative singular animate of <EL-LAM> free -- free
MUŠ-an -- noun; Sumerogram <MUŠ> snake + Hittite phonetic complement <-an> (indicating accusative singular animate) -- a snake
ku-en-zi -- verb; 3rd person singular present of mi-conjugation <kuēn-> kill, strike -- kills
ta-me-el-la -- pronoun; genitive singular of <damāi-> other, another + enclitic conjunction <-a-> and -- and another's
ŠUM-an -- noun; Sumerogram <ŠUM> name + Hittite phonetic complement <-an> (functioning here as accusative singular neuter) -- name # The Hittite reading is lāman.
te-ez-zi -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <tē-, tar-> declare, promise -- says
1 -- numeral; <1> one -- one
MA.NA -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as accusative singular of <MANA> mina -- mina
KÙ.BABBAR -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as genitive singular of <KÙ.BABBAR> silver -- of silver
pa-a-i -- verb; 3rd person singular present of hi-conjugation <pāi-, piya-> give -- he gives
tak-ku -- conjunction; <takku> if -- if
ARAD-ma -- noun; Sumerogram nominative singular animate of <ARAD> slave, servant, vassal + enclitic conjunction <-ma> but, and -- he is a slave, however
a-pa-a-as-pat -- demonstrative pronoun; nominative singular animate of <apā-> that + emphasizing particle <-pat>... -- he himself
a-ki -- verb; 3rd person singular present of hi-conjugation <āk-, akk-> die -- dies

Lesson Text

¹ tak-ku LÚ-an na-as-ma MUNUS-an su-ul-la-an-na-az ku-is-ki ku-en-zi a-pu-u-un ar-nu-zi Ù 4 SAG.DU pa-a-i LÚ-na-ku MUNUS-na-ku par-na-as-se-e-a su-wa-a-ez-zi

² tak-ku ARAD-an na-as-ma GEME-an su-ul-la-an-na-az ku-is-ki ku-en-zi a-pu-u-un ar-nu-zi Ù 2 SAG.DU pa-a-i LÚ-na-ku MUNUS-na-ku par-na-as-se-e-a su-wa-a-ez-zi

⁵ tak-ku ^LÚDAM.GÀR ^URUHa-at-ti ku-is-ki ku-en-zi 1 ME MA.NA KÙ.BABBAR pa-a-i par-na-as-se-e-a su-wa-a-ez-zi tak-ku I-NA KUR ^URULu-ú-i-ya na-as-ma I-NA KUR ^URUPa-la-a 1 ME MA.NA KÙ.BABBAR pa-a-i a-as-su-se-et-ta sar-ni-ik-zi ma-a-an I-NA KUR ^URUHa-at-ti nu-za ú-na-at-tal-la-an-pat ar-nu-uz-zi

⁹ tak-ku LÚ.U₁₉.LU SAG.DU-ZU ku-is-ki hu-u-ni-ik-zi ka-ru-ú 6 GÍN KÙ.BABBAR pi-is-ke-er nu hu-u-ni-in-kan-za 3 GÍN KÙ.BABBAR da-a-i A-NA É.GAL 3 GÍN KÙ.BABBAR da-as-ke-er ki-nu-na LUGAL-us ŠA É.GAL pe-es-si-et nu-za hu-u-ni-in-kan-za-pat 3 GÍN KÙ.BABBAR da-a-i

¹⁰ tak-ku LÚ.U₁₉.LU-an ku-is-ki hu-ú-ni-ik-zi ta-an is-tar-ni-ik-zi nu a-pu-u-un sa-a-ak-ta-a-iz-zi pe-e-di-is-si-ma LÚ.U₁₉.LU-an pa-a-i nu É-ri-is-si an-ni-es-ke-ez-zi ku-it-ma-a-na-as la-a-az-zi-at-ta ma-a-na-as la-az-zi-at-ta-ma nu-us-se 6 GÍN KÙ.BABBAR pa-a-i ^LÚA.ZU-ya ku-us-sa-an a-pa-a-as-pat pa-a-i

²⁸ tak-ku DUMU.MUNUS LÚ-ni ta-ra-an-za ta-ma-i-sa-an pit-te-nu-uz-zi ku-us-sa-an pit-te-nu-uz-zi-ma nu ha-an-te-ez-zi-ya-as LÚ-as ku-it ku-it pe-es-ta ta-as-se sar-ni-ik-zi at-ta-as-sa an-na-as Ú-UL sar-ni-in-kan-zi
tak-ku-wa-an at-ta-as an-na-as-sa ta-me-e-da-ni LÚ-ni pi-an-zi nu at-ta-as an-na-as-sa sar-ni-in-kan-zi
tak-ku at-ta-as-sa an-na-as mi-im-ma-i na-an-si-kan tuh-sa-an-ta

³⁷ tak-ku MUNUS-an ku-is-ki pit-te-nu-uz-zi EGIR-an-da-ma-as-ma-as sar-di-ya-as pa-iz-zi tak-ku 2 LÚ^MEŠ na-as-ma 3 LÚ^MEŠ ak-kan-zi sar-ni-ik-zi-il NU.GÁL zi-ik-wa UR.BARRA ki-sa-at

⁶⁶ tak-ku GU₄.APIN.LÀL tak-ku ANŠE.KU.RA tu-u-ri-ya-u-wa-as tak-ku ^GU₄ÁB tak-ku ANŠE.MUNUS.AL.LAL ha-a-li-as har-ap-ta tak-ku MÁŠ.GAL e-na-an-za tak-ku UDU.SÍG.MUNUS tak-ku UDU.NITÁ a-sa-u-ni har-ap-ta is-ha-as-si-sa-an ú-e-mi-ya-az-zi na-an-za sa-ku-wa-as-sa-ra-an-pat da-a-i ^LÚNÍ-ZU-an Ú-UL e-ep-zi

⁸⁶ tak-ku ŠAH se-e-li-ya na-as-ma A.ŠÀ-ni ^GIŠKIRI₆-ni pa-iz-zi ta se-e-li-ya-as is-ha-a-as A.ŠÀ-na-as ^GIŠKIRI₆-as wa-al-ah-zi na-as a-ki na-an is-hi-is-si EGIR-pa pa-a-i tak-ku-an Ú-UL-ma pa-a-i na-as ^LÚNÍ-ZU-as ki-i-sa

⁵⁵ tak-ku LÚ EL-LAM MUŠ-an ku-en-zi ta-me-el-la ŠUM-an te-ez-zi 1 MA.NA KÙ.BABBAR pa-a-i tak-ku ARAD-ma a-pa-a-as-pat a-ki

Translation

¹ If someone kills a man or a woman in a quarrel, he (the killer) produces the body (lit. 'that one') and gives (in recompense) four people (lit. 'heads') -- whether (he kills) a man or a woman -- he shall look to his house for it.

² If someone kills a male slave or a female slave in a quarrel, he (the killer) produces the body (lit. 'that one') and gives (in recompense) four people (lit. 'heads') -- whether (he kills) a man or a woman -- he shall look to his house for it.

⁵ If someone kills a Hittite merchant, he shall give one hundred mina of silver. He shall look to his house for it. If (the killing occurs) in the land of Luwiya or in the land of Pala, the shall pay one hundred mina of silver and restore his goods. If (the killing occurs) in the land of Hatti, he shall also produce the merchant himself (for burial).

⁹ If someone injures a person's head, they used to give 6 shekels of silver: the injured person took three shekels of silver, and they used to take three shekels of silver for the palace. But now, the king has waived the palace share, so that the injured person alone takes three shekels of silver.

¹⁰ If someone injures a person and makes him ill, he performs sick maintenance for him. In his place, he provides a person to work his estate while he recovers. When he recovers, (the assailant) will give him six shekels of silver, and he will also pay the doctor's fee himself.

²⁸ If a daughter (is) promised to a man, and another (man) abducts her and steals the bride price, the one who abducts her, gives the first man whatever he paid (as bride-price) and he makes restitution to him. The (woman's) father and mother do not make restitution (to the original prospective son-in-law). If the father and mother give her to another man, then the father and mother do make restitution (to the original prospective son-in-law). If the mother and father refuse (to make restitution), they shall separate her from him (the second man).

³⁷ If someone abducts a woman and a (group of) helper(s) goes after them, if two or three men are killed, there is no restitution: 'You (sg.) have become a wolf.'

⁶⁶ If a plow ox, a draft horse, if a heifer, (or) a mare wanders into (another owner's) corral; if a tame? he-goat, if a ewe, if a ram strays into (another owner's) fold, and its owner finds it, he shall take it back by right. He (the animal's owner) shall not seize him (the corral or fold's owner) (as) a thief.

⁸⁶ If a pig goes into a grain-heap, a field, (or) a garden, and the owner of the grain-heap, field, (or) garden strikes it and it dies, he shall give it back to its owner. But if he does not give it (back), he shall become a thief.

⁵⁵ If a free man kills a snake and speaks another's name (while killing it), he shall pay forty shekels of silver. If he (the offender) is a slave, however, he himself shall die (i.e. 'be executed').

Grammar

16. Demonstrative Pronouns

Hittite has two widely attested demonstrative pronouns: one that indicates that what it refers to is nearby, corresponding to English "this," and another that indicates that the referent is more distant, corresponding to English "that." As with the tonic personal pronouns, and the relative and interrogative pronouns, the demonstratives have a set of pronominal endings distinct from nominal endings.

The demonstrative kā- 'this (one)' has a stem that alternates between kā-, k-, kī- and kē-. In early texts, the the nominative-accusative neuter singular kī- is kept distinct from the nominative-accusative neuter plural and nominative plural animate kē. In later texts, however, one finds kē functioning as a nominative-accusative singular neuter and kī functioning as a nominative plural animate and nominative-accusative plural neuter. The instrumental occurs in three forms, one with the pronominal ending -anda, one with the ending -t that occurs with both nouns and pronouns, and another with the ending -anna. In the genitive plural, the original ending -enzan was eventually replaced by the -l of the singular.

	anim.		neut.
Singular
nom.	kās		kī, kē
acc.	kūn		kī, kē
gen.		kēl
dat/loc.		kēdani
abl.		kēz
inst.		kēdanta, kēdanna, kēt, kīt

Plural
nom.	kē, kī		kē, kī
acc.	kūs		kē, kī
gen.		kēnzan, kēl
dat/loc.	kītas, kēdas

The demonstrative apā- 'that (one)' is also used as a third person pronoun. Its archaic genitive plural apēnzan was replaced by apēdas with the nominal genitive plural ending.

	anim.		neut.
Singular
nom.	apās		apē
acc.	apūs		apē
gen.		apēl
dat/loc.		apēdani
abl.		apēz
inst.		apēt
Plural
nom.
acc.
gen.		apēnzan, apēdas
dat/loc.		apēdas
abl.		apēdaz

As noted above, kā- is used to refer to people or objects considered relatively near, while apā- refers to people or objects considered relatively distant. When used as a third person pronoun, apā- literally means 'that one'.

nu-mu	kī	IGI-zi	LÚ-natar-mit
and-to-me	this	first	manly deed-my
"This was my first manly deed."

nu	kāsa	kedani	uddanī	LIM	DINGIRLIM	tuliya	halziuen
and	look	for this	for matter	1000	gods	to the assembly	we called
"Look, for this matter, we have called the thousand gods to the assembly!"

takku	LÚ-an	nasma	MUNUS-an	sullannaz	kuiski	kuenzi
if	man	or	woman	from a quarrel	someone	kills
apūn	arnuzi
that one	he brings back
"If someone kills a man or a woman as the result of a quarrel, (the murderer) brings (back) that one (the body)."

takku	LÚ.U₁₉.LU-an	kuiski	húnikzi
if	person	someone	injures
t-an	istarnikzi	nu	apūn	sāktāizzi
and-him	makes sick	and	that one	he takes care of
"If someone injures a person and makes him sick, (the offender) takes care of that one (the injured party)."

Adverbs, many of which describe spatial or temporal relations are formed from the case forms or stems of both demonstratives. For example: kāni 'here', kēt 'on this side', kitpandalaz 'from now on', or kisssan 'in this way, thus' are from kā-, while, for example, apēda 'there', apiya 'there, then', apiyakku 'even there', and apēnissan 'thus' are from apā-, apē-. Since apā- may be used as a third person pronoun, it can take the reflexive suffix -ila, making the reflexive pronoun apāsila 'himself, herself, itself'.

The word kāsa, which is used to begin sentences, is conventially translated "look!, lo!" or "behold," and is found beside a kāsma of similar function is also from the stem of kā-. Its force was perhaps originally to draw the listner's attention to an utterance, and it is perhaps more literally translatable as "here, then!":

Beside the demonstratives kā- and apā- Hittite has a third set of pronouns from a stem tamai-, tama-, tame- 'other, another'. The animate accusative plural is found only in the Empire period, a time during which the original accusative plural animate ending -us could be used for the nominative plural in pronouns and nouns.

	anim.		neut.
Singular
nom.	tamāis		tamai
acc.	tamāin
gen.		tamēl, tame:das
dat/loc.		tammatta, damēdani
abl.		tamēdaz
inst.
all.
Plural
nom.	damaus		tamāi
acc.	damaus		tamāi
dat/loc.	tamēdas

The following sentence from the "Law Code" provides an example of tamāi- in the genitive:

takku	^LÚEL-LAM	MUŠ-an	kuenzi	tamell-a	ŠUM-an	tezzi
if	free man	snake	kills	and-another's (gen.)	name	says
"If a free man kills a snake and pronounces another's name..."

17. The Enclitic String

Sentences with more than one enclitic are quite common, and the enclitic function words in such sentences appear in a rigid order after the word or sentence connective to which they are attached.

Such combinations of enclitics can be though of as strings composed of locations, or "slots" that can be occupied by specific enclitic particles. The full enclitic string has five slots and can be represented as follows:

Slot 1	Slot 2	Slot 3	Slot 4	Slot 5
conjunctions	quotative	personal pronouns	reflexive	locational
-a 'but', -ma	-war-, -wa-		-za-	-kkan, -ssan
-a, -ya 'and'				-asta, -apa

Enclitic strings with each slot filled are rare, but strings with three enclitics are not uncommon and strings with four enclitics are not unknown. When the second-person singular dative-accusative pronoun -tta, the third person singular dative -ssi, and the first person plural dative-accusative -nnas- precede enclitics beginning with vowels, their initial consonants are often doubled. Similarly, when the locatival particles -ssan and -kkan, which always end the enclitic string, are preceded by enclitics ending in vowels, their initial consonants are often doubled.

17.1. Enclitic combinations

The following examples illustrate some of the possible combinations of enclitics:

ug-a-war-us

		Slot 1		Slot 2		Slot 3		Slot 4		Slot 5
		-a 'but'		-war-		-us				-kan

GUD-ya-wa-mu

		Slot 1		Slot 2		Slot 3		Slot 4		Slot 5
		-ya 'and, but'		-wa-		-mu				-kan

zik-kan

		Slot 1		Slot 2		Slot 3		Slot 4		Slot 5
										-kan

mahhan-ma-za-kan

		Slot 1		Slot 2		Slot 3		Slot 4		Slot 5
		-ma-						-za-		-kan

nu-wa-kan

		Slot 1		Slot 1		Slot 2		Slot 3		Slot 4
				-wa-						-kan

nu-tta-kkan

		Slot 1		Slot 2		Slot 3		Slot 4		Slot 5
						-tta-				-kkan

nu-za-kan

		Slot 1		Slot 2		Slot 3		Slot 4		Slot 5