Hittite Online
Lesson 5
Sara E. Kimball, Winfred P. Lehmann, and Jonathan Slocum
Murshilish II (roughly 1321-1295 B.C.) took over the Hittite kingdom at its height after a brief reign by his brother Arnuwandash II (roughly 1322-1321). His father, Shuppiluliumash (roughly 1344-1322) had rebuilt the capital, Hattusa, known today as Bogazköy, and reorganized local government, establishing the so-called New Kingdom which was maintained from the time of his accession to approximately 1200 B.C. He conducted a successful campaign against Arzawa in southwestern Anatolia while maintaining conflicts with the kingdom of Mitanni in the southeast and establishing a firm foothold in Syria. Murshilish continued the warfare, as indicated by the first selection from his Annals given here regarding Arzawa.
The second selection illustrates how he solidified his control, first to the land of the Seha river to the east and then to the country of Mira to the southeast. In the third selection we are informed that he did not take over the mountainous land of Azzi to the far east of Anatolia, but was content to control the citizens as vassals. While we have no knowledge of the activities of the sixth year Festival, his attendance at it signifies that under his control the Hittite kingdom enjoyed peace while also being at its highest level.
Reading and Textual Analysis
One of the remarkable features of Murshilish's rule was the production of annals. Among these is a set concerning the military deeds of his father, but that has been poorly maintained. On his own career he compiled two, one a lengthy account covering his entire career, and the other exerpted here covering the first ten years of his reign. Besides informing us of his military activities it illustrates his social and religious activities.
The second excerpt illustrates how he solidified his control over areas that he and his father had conquered, establishing social ties as well as military assistance. By different procedures indicated in the third selection he protects the country of Azzi without taking over its governance. His success in general, as in Arzawa he credits to the Stormgod, here labeled Mighty, and also to another deity not included in these excerpts, the Sungodess of Arinna, who was the highest female Divine among the earlier Hattic peoples and then maintained as special protector of the Hittite kings. His annals may have been prompted by accounts kept by the Bablyonian rulers and are the fullest of any of the Hittite rulers.
- Lines 9b-19 are taken from Year 3 of the Annals: KBo III 4 = 2 BoTU 48.
- Lines 33-45 are taken from Year 4 of the Annals: KUB XIV 15 = 2 BoTU 51 B(B).
- Lines 28-41 are taken from Year 10 of the Annals: KBo IV 4 = 2 BoTU 58 B.
9b - A-NA MU-uh-ha-LÚ-ma LÚTE4-MU u-i-ya-nu-un
- A-NA
-- preposition; Akkadogram<A-NA> (functioning as graphic indicator of the dative)-- to - MU-uh-ha-LÚ-ma
-- proper noun; stem form functioning here as dative singular of<Uhhaziti> Uhhaziti-- Uhhaziti # The name is written as a semi-rebus combination of the Hittite syllables uh-ha plus the Sumerogram LÚ "man", which is read in Luvian as ziti. - LÚTE4-MU
-- noun; functioning here as accusative singular of<LÚTE4-MU> messenger-- a messenger - u-i-ya-nu-un
-- verb; 1st person singular preterite of mi-conjugation<wiya-> send-- I sent
10-12a - nu-us-si ha-at-ra-a-nu-un ARADMESH-YA-wa-at-tak-kan ku-i-e-es an-da ú-e-er nu-wa-ra-as-ta EGIR-pa ku-it ú-e-wa-ak-ke-nu-un nu-wa-ra-as-mu EGIR-pa Ú-UL pa-is-ta
- nu-us-si
-- sentence particle;<nu> and + enclitic personal pronoun; 3rd person singular dative<-ssi> he, she, it-- and to him - ha-at-ra-a-nu-un
-- verb; 1st person singular preterite of mi-conjugation<hatra:i-> write-- I wrote - ARADMESH-YA-wa-at-tak-kan
-- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as nominative animate<ARAD> slave, servant, vassal + Sumerian plural marker<-MESH> ... + Akkadian enclitic possessive pronoun; 1st person singular<-YA> my + quotative particle<-wa> ... + enclitic personal pronoun; 2nd person singular<-tta> you + locatival particle<-kan> (indicating downward motion)-- my servants... to you - ku-i-e-es
-- relative pronoun; nominative plural animate of<kui-> that, which, who-- who - an-da ú-e-er
-- verb; 3rd person plural preterite of mi-conjugation<anda uwa-> come to-- came - nu-wa-ra-as-ta
-- sentence particle;<nu> and + quotative particle<-war> (indicating continuing action) + locatival particle<-asta> (indicating continuing action)-- and now - EGIR-pa
-- adverb; Sumerogram<EGIR> back, again + Hittite phonetic complement<-pa> ...-- back - ku-it
-- conjunction;<kuit> because, since-- because - ú-e-wa-ak-ke-nu-un
-- verb; 1st person singular preterite of mi-conjugation<wewakk-> demand-- I demand
12b - nu-wa-ra-as-mu EGIR-pa Ú-UL pa-is-ta nu-wa-mu-za DUMU-la-an hal-zi-es-se-es-ta
- nu-wa-ra-as-mu
-- sentence particle;<nu> and + quotative particle locatival particle<-war> (indicating continuing action) + enclitic personal pronoun; 3rd person plural accusative animate of<-as> he, she, it + enclitic personal pronoun; 1st person singular dative<-mu> me-- them to me - EGIR-pa
-- adverb; Sumerogram<EGIR> back, again + Hittite phonetic complement<-pa> ...-- back - Ú-UL
-- adverb Akkadian negative<U:L> no, not-- not - pa-is-ta
-- verb; 3rd person singular preterite of hi-conjugation<pa:i-, piya-> give-- gave - nu-wa-mu-za
-- sentence particle;<nu> and + quotative particle<-wa> ... + enclitic personal pronoun; 1st person singular accusative<-mu> me + enclitic reflexive particle<-za> ...-- me - DUMU-la-an
-- noun; Sumerogram<DUMU> son, child + Hittite phonetic complement<-an> (indicating accusative singular animate)-- a child - hal-zi-es-se-es-ta
-- verb; iterative 2nd person singular preterite of hi-conjugation<halza:i-, haliya-> call out, recite, invite-- you have kept on calling
13-14 - nu-wa-mu-za te-ep-nu-us-ke-et ki-nu-na-wa e-hu nu-wa za-ah-hi-ya-u-wa-as-ta-ti nu-wa-an-na-as DU BE-LÍ-YA DI-NAM ha-an-na-a-ú
- nu-wa-mu-za
-- sentence particle;<nu> and + quotative particle<-wa> ... + enclitic personal pronoun; 1st person singular accusative<-mu> me + enclitic reflexive particle<-za> ...-- me - te-ep-nu-us-ke-et
-- verb; iterative 2nd person singular preterite of mi-conjugation<tepnusk-> diminish, belittle-- have been belittling - ki-nu-na-wa
-- adverb;<kinuna> now + quotative particle<-war> ...-- but now - e-hu
-- exclamation;<ehu> come on-- come on - nu-wa
-- sentence particle;<nu> and + quotative particle<-wa> ...-- ... - za-ah-hi-ya-u-wa-as-ta-ti
-- verb; 1st person plural present middle of mi-conjugation<zahhiya-> fight-- we will fight - nu-wa-an-na-as
-- sentence particle;<nu> and + enclitic personal pronoun; 1st person plural accusative<-nnas> us-- us - DU
-- proper noun; Sumerogram functioning here as nominative<DU> Stormgod-- the Stormgod - BE-LÍ-YA
-- noun; Akkadogram<BE:LU> lord, master + Akkadian enclitic possessive pronoun; 1st person singular<-YA> my-- my Lord - DI-NAM
-- noun; Akkadogram functioning here as accusative singular of<DI-NAM> case-- the case - ha-an-na-a-ú
-- verb; 3rd person singular imperative of hi-conjugation<hanna-> decide judicially-- let decide
15-17a - ma-ah-ha-an-ma i-ya-ah-ha-at nu GIM-an I-NA HUR.SAGLa-wa-sa a-ar-hu-un nu-za DU NIR.GÁL EN-YA pa-ra-a ha-an-da-an-da-a-tar te-ek-ku-us-sa-nu-ut nu GISHkal-mi-sa-na-an si-ya-a-it
- ma-ah-ha-an-ma
-- conjunction;<mahhan> as, how, when + enclitic conjunction<-ma> but, and-- but when - i-ya-ah-ha-at
-- verb; 1st person singular preterite middle of<iya-> go, march-- I marched - nu
-- sentence particle;<nu> and-- ... - GIM-an
-- conjunction Sumerogram<GIM> when + Hittite phonetic complement<-an> ...-- when - I-NA
-- preposition; Akkadogram<INA> (functioning as graphic indicator of the dative)-- at - HUR.SAGLa-wa-sa
-- noun; Sumerogram<HUR.SAG> mountain + proper noun; stem form functioning here as dative singular of<Lawasa> Lawasa-- Mt. Lawasa - a-ar-hu-un
-- verb; 1st person singular preterite of hi-conjugation<a:r-> arrive, reach-- I arrived - nu-za
-- sentence particle;<nu> and + enclitic reflexive particle<-za> ...-- and - DU
-- proper noun; Sumerogram functioning here as nominative<DU> Stormgod-- Stormgod - NIR.GÁL
-- adjective; Sumerogram functioning here as nominative singular animate of<NIR.GÁL> strength-- the mighty - EN-YA
-- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as nominative singular animate of<EN> lord + Akkadian enclitic possessive pronoun; 1st person singular<-YA> my-- my Lord - pa-ra-a ha-an-da-an-da-a-tar
-- noun; accusative singular neuter of<para: handanda:tar> divine might, power-- divine might - te-ek-ku-us-sa-nu-ut
-- verb; 3rd person singular preterite of mi-conjugation<tekkunuss-> show, display-- displayed - nu
-- sentence particle;<nu> and-- and - GISHkal-mi-sa-na-an
-- noun; accusative singular animate of<GISHkamisana:-> log, thunderbolt-- a lightning bolt - si-ya-a-it
-- verb; 3rd person singular preterite of<siya-> shoot, hurl-- hurled
17b-18a - nu GISHkal-mi-sa-na-an am-me-el KARASHHI.A-YA us-ke-et
- nu
-- sentence particle;<nu> and-- and - GISHkal-mi-sa-na-an
-- noun; accusative singular animate of<GISHkamisana:-> log, thunderbolt-- the thunderbolt - am-me-el
-- tonic personal pronoun; 1st person singular genitive of<u:k> I-- my - KARASHHI.A-YA
-- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as nominative singular of<KARASH> troops, army + Sumerian plural marker<-HI.A> ... + Akkadian enclitic possessive pronoun; 1st person singular<-YA> my-- army - us-ke-et
-- verb; iterative 3rd person singular preterite of mi-conjugation<au-, u-> look, see-- saw
18b - KUR URUAr-za-u-wa-ya-an us-ke-et
- KUR
-- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as nominative singular<KUR> land, territory-- the land - URUAr-za-u-wa-ya-an
-- proper noun; stem form functioning here as nominative singular animate of<Arzawa> Arzawa + enclitic conjunction<-ya> and + enclitic pronoun; 3rd person singular accusative animate of<-an> him, her, it-- it - us-ke-et
-- verb; iterative 3rd person singular preterite of mi-conjugation<au-, u-> look, see-- saw
18c-19 - nu GISHkal-mi-sa-na-as pa-it nu KUR URUAr-za-u-wa GUL-ah-ta SHA MUuhha-LÚ-ya URUA-pa-a-sa-an URU-an GUL-ah-ta
- nu
-- sentence particle;<nu> and-- and - GISHkal-mi-sa-na-as
-- noun; nominative singular animate of<GISHkamisana:-> log, thunderbolt-- the thunderbolt - pa-it
-- verb; 3rd person singular preterite of mi-conjugation<pa:i-> go-- went - nu
-- sentence particle;<nu> and-- and - KUR
-- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as nominative singular<KUR> land, territory-- the land - URUAr-za-u-wa
-- proper noun; stem form functioning here as genitive singular of<Arzawa> Arzawa-- of Arzawa - GUL-ah-ta
-- verb; Sumerogram<GUL> strike + Hittite phonetic complement<-ahta> (indicating 3rd person singular preterite indicative)-- struck # The Hittite reading is walhta. - SHA
-- preposition; Akkadogram<SHA> (functioning as graphic indicator of the genitive)-- of - MUuhha-LÚ-ya
-- proper noun; stem form functioning here as genitive singular of<MUuhha-LÚ> Uhhaziti + enclitic conjunction<-ya> and-- and Uhhaziti's - URUA-pa-a-sa-an
-- proper noun; accusative singular of<URUApa:sa-> Apasa-- Apasa - URU-an
-- noun; Sumerogram<URU> city + Hittite phonetic complement<-an> (indicating accusative singular animate)-- city # The Hittite reading is happeriyan. - GUL-ah-ta
-- verb; Sumerogram<GUL> strike + Hittite phonetic complement<-ahta> (indicating 3rd person singular preterite indicative)-- struck
33 - nu-za MMa-na-pa-DU-an KUR ÍDSe-e-ha-ya ARAD-an-ni da-ah-hu-un
- nu-za
-- sentence particle;<nu> and + enclitic reflexive particle<-za> ...-- and - MMa-na-pa-DU-an
-- proper noun; accusative singular animate of<ManapaDU> Manapa-Datta-- Manapa-Datta - KUR
-- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as genitive singular<KUR> land, territory-- of the... land # The Hittite reading is udniyas. - ÍDSe-e-ha-ya
-- proper noun; stem form functioning here as genitive singular of<ÍDSe:ha-> ... + enclitic conjunction<-ya> and-- Seha river - ARAD-an-ni
-- noun; Sumerogram<ARAD> slave, servant, vassal + Hittite phonetic complement<-a:nni> (indicating dative singular)-- in vassalship - da-ah-hu-un
-- verb; 1st person singular preterite of hi-conjugation<da:-> take-- I took
34 - nam-ma I-NA KUR URUMi-ra-a EGIR-pa ú-wa-nu-un nu KUR URUMi-ra-a ta-ni-nu-nu-un
- nam-ma
-- conjunction;<namma> furthermore, moreover-- moreover - I-NA
-- preposition; Akkadogram<INA> (functioning as graphic indicator of the dative)-- to - KUR
-- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as dative singular<KUR> land, territory-- the land - URUMi-ra-a
-- proper noun; stem form functioning here as genitive singular<Mira:-> Mira-- of Mira - EGIR-pa ú-wa-nu-un
-- verb; 1st person singular preterite of<a:ppa uwa-> come back-- returned - nu
-- sentence particle;<nu> and-- and - KUR
-- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as accusative singular<KUR> land, territory-- the land - URUMi-ra-a
-- proper noun; stem form functioning here as genitive singular<Mira:-> Mira-- of Mira - ta-ni-nu-nu-un
-- 1st person singular preterite of mi-conjugation<taninu-> set in order, fortify-- I fortified
35 - nam-ma URUAr-sa-ni-in URUSa-a-ra-u-wa-an URUIm-pa-an-na ú-e-te-nu-un na-as BÀD-es-na-nu-un
- nam-ma
-- conjunction;<namma> furthermore, moreover-- moreover - URUAr-sa-ni-in
-- proper noun; accusative singular animate of<Arsani-> Arsani-- the city of Arsani - URUSa-a-ra-u-wa-an
-- proper noun; accusative singular animate of<Sa:rawa-> Sarawa-- the city of Sarawa - URUIm-pa-an-na
-- proper noun; accusative singular animate of<Impana-> Impa + enclitic conjunction<-a-> and-- and the city of Impa - ú-e-te-nu-un
-- verb; 1st person singular preterite of mi-conjugation<wete-> build-- I built # In other words, Mursilis fortified these cities. - na-as
-- sentence particle;<nu> and + enclitic personal pronoun; 3rd person plural accusative animate of<-as> he, she, it-- them - BÀD-es-na-nu-un
-- verb; Sumerogram<BÀD> fortify + Hittite phonetic complement<-esnanun> (indicating 1st person singular preterite)-- I fortified
36-37a - na-as ERINMESH a-sa-an-du-la-az e-ep-pu-un URUHa-a-pa-nu-wa-an-na ERINMESH a-sa-an-du-la-az e-ep-pu-un
- na-as
-- sentence particle;<nu> and + enclitic personal pronoun; 3rd person plural accusative animate of<-as> he, she, it-- them - ERINMESH
-- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as genitive animate<ERINMESH> army, infantry-- of troops - a-sa-an-du-la-az
-- noun; ablative singular of<asandula-> garrison-- with a garrison - e-ep-pu-un
-- verb; 1st person singular preterite of mi-conjugation<e:pp-> take, seize-- I garrisoned - URUHa-a-pa-nu-wa-an-na
-- proper noun; accusative singular of<Ha:panuwa> Hapanuwa + enclitic conjunction<-a-> and-- and the city of Hapanuwa - ERINMESH
-- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as genitive animate<ERINMESH> army, infantry-- of troops - a-sa-an-du-la-az
-- noun; ablative singular of<asandula-> garrison-- with a garrison - e-ep-pu-un
-- verb; 1st person singular preterite of mi-conjugation<e:pp-> take, seize-- I garrisoned
37b - nam-ma I-NA URUMi-ra-a MMas-hu-i-lu-wa-an EN-iz-na-an-ni ti-it-ta-nu-nu-un
- nam-ma
-- adverb;<namma> furthermore, moreover-- moreover - I-NA
-- preposition; Akkadogram<INA> (functioning as graphic indicator of the dative)-- in - URUMi-ra-a
-- proper noun; stem form functioning here as dative-locative singular<Mira:> city of Mira-- the city of Mira - MMas-hu-i-lu-wa-an
-- proper noun; accusative singular animate of<Mashuiluwa-> Mashuwiluwas-- Mashuwiluwas - EN-iz-na-an-ni
-- noun; Sumerogram<EN> lord + Hittite phonetic complement<-izna:nni> (indicating dative-locative singular)-- in lordship - ti-it-ta-nu-nu-un
-- verb; 1st person singular preterite of mi-conjugation<tittiya-> establish, settle-- I established
38a - nu A-NA MMas-as-hu-i-lu-wa kis-sa-an me-ma-ah-hu-un
- nu
-- sentence particle;<nu> and-- and - A-NA
-- preposition; Akkadogram<ANA> (functioning as graphic indicator of the dative)-- to - MMas-as-hu-i-lu-wa
-- proper noun; stem form functioning here as dative singular animate of<Mashuiluwa-> ... + quotative particle<-wa> ...-- Mashuwiluwas - kis-sa-an
-- adverb<kissan> thus, as follows-- the following - me-ma-ah-hu-un
-- verb; 1st person singular preterite of hi-conjugation<me:ma-, me:miya-> say, speak-- I said
38b-39 - zi-ik-wa-kan MPÍSH.TUR-as PA-NI A-BI-YA pit-ti-ya-an-ti-li an-da ú-et nu-wa-at-ta A-BU-YA sa-ra-a da-a-as
- zi-ik-wa-kan
-- tonic personal pronoun; 2nd person singular nominative<zik> you + quotative particle<-wa> ... + locatival particle<-kan> (indicating downward motion)-- you - MPÍSH.TUR-as
-- proper noun; Sumerogram functioning here as vocative<PÍS.TUR> Mashuiliuwa-- Mashuiliuwa - PA-NI
-- preposition; Akkadogram<PANI> before, under-- before - A-BI-YA
-- noun; Akkadogram functioning here as dative singular<ABI> father + Akkadian enclitic possessive pronoun; 1st person singular<-YA> my-- my father - pit-ti-ya-an-ti-li
-- adverb;<pittiyantili> as a fugitive-- as a fugitive - an-da ú-et
-- verb; 3rd person singular preterite of mi-conjugation<anda uwa-> come to-- came - nu-wa-at-ta
-- sentence particle;<nu> and + quotative particle<-wa> ... + enclitic personal pronoun; 2nd person singular accusative<-tta> you-- you - A-BU-YA
-- noun; Akkadogram functioning here as nominative singular of<ABU> father + Akkadian enclitic possessive pronoun; 1st person singular<-YA> my-- my father - sa-ra-a da-a-as
-- verb; 3rd person singular preterite of hi-conjugation<sara: da:-> offer, take-- took... in
40-41a - nu-wa-du-za LÚHA-TÁ-NU i-ya-at nu-wa-at-ta MUNUSMu-u-wa-at-tin a-pe-el DUMU.MUNUS-ZU MUNUS KU-YA A-NA DAMUT-TU-SHU pe-es-ta
- nu-wa-du-za
-- sentence particle;<nu> and + quotative particle<-wa> ... + enclitic personal pronoun; 2nd person singular accusative<-du-> you + enclitic reflexive particle<-za> ...-- you - LÚHA-TÁ-NU
-- noun; Akkadogram<LÚHATANU> son-in-law-- son-in-law - i-ya-at
-- verb; 3rd person singular preterite of mi-conjugation<iya-> do, make-- made - nu-wa-at-ta
-- sentence particle;<nu> and + quotative particle<-wa> ... + enclitic personal pronoun; 2nd person singular dative<-tta> you-- to you - MUNUSMu-u-wa-at-tin
-- proper noun; accusative singular of<Muwatti-> Muwattis-- Muwattis - a-pe-el
-- demonstrative pronoun; genitive singular of<apa:-> that-- his - DUMU.MUNUS-ZU
-- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as accusative singular animate of<DUMU.MUNUS> girl, daughter + Akkadian 3rd person singular enclitic possessive pronoun<-ZU> his-- daughter - MUNUS KU-YA
-- noun; Akkadogram functioning here as accusative singular animate of<MUNUS KU> sister + Akkadian enclitic possessive pronoun; 1st person singular<-YA> my-- my sister - A-NA
-- preposition; Akkadogram<ANA> (functioning as graphic indicator of the dative)-- in - DAMUT-TU-SHU
-- noun; Sumerogram<DAM> wife, marriage + Akkadian phonetic complement<-UTTU> (abstract suffix) + Akkadian enclitic possessive pronoun; 3rd person singular<-SHU> his, her-- in marriage - pe-es-ta
-- verb; 3rd person singular preterite of hi-conjugation<pa:i-, piya-> give-- gave
41b-42a - EGIR-an-ma-wa-ar-as-ta Ú-UL ti-i-ya-at nu-wa-at-tak-kan LÚMESH.KÚR-KA se-er Ú-UL ku-en-ta
- EGIR-an-ma-wa-ar-as-ta
-- adverb; Sumerogram preverb<EGIR> back, again + functioning here as phonetic complement<-an> ... + enclitic conjunction<-ma> but, and + quotative particle<-war> ... + enclitic personal pronoun; 3rd person singular nominative animate of<-as> he, she, it + enclitic personal pronoun; 2nd person singular accusative<-ta> you-- he # The Sumerogram EGIR, read in Hittite as a:ppan, is a preverb that belongs with the verb tiyat below. - Ú-UL
-- adverb; Akkadian negative<U:L> not-- not - ti-i-ya-at
-- 3rd person singular preterite of mi-conjugation<a:ppan tiya-> look after-- look after - nu-wa-at-tak-kan
-- sentence particle;<nu> and + quotative particle<-wa> ... + enclitic personal pronoun; 2nd person singular accusative<-tta> you + locatival particle<kan> (indicating downward action)-- you - LÚMESH.KÚR-KA
-- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as nominative animate<LÚ> man, person + Sumerian plural marker<-MESH> ... + Sumerogram<KÚR> enemy + Akkadian 2nd person singular enclitic possessive pronoun<-KA> your-- your enemies - se-er
-- preverb;<se:r> over, above-- ... # The preverb belongs with kuenta below. - Ú-UL
-- adverb; Akkadian negative<U:L> not-- did not - ku-en-ta
-- verb; 3rd person singular preterite of mi-conjugation<kue:n-> kill, strike-- attack
42b-43a - nu-wa-at-ta am-mu-uk EGIR-an ti-i-ya-nu-un nu-wa-tak-kan LÚMESH.KÚR-KA se-er ku-e-nu-un
- nu-wa-at-ta
-- sentence particle;<nu> and + quotative particle<-wa> ... + enclitic personal pronoun; 2nd person singular accusative<-tta> you-- you - am-mu-uk
-- tonic personal pronoun; 1st person singular nominative of<u:k> I-- I # This is an example of Neo-Hittite ammuk for Old Hittite u:k. - EGIR-an ti-i-ya-nu-un
-- verb; 1st person singular preterite of mi-conjugation<a:ppa tiya-> look after-- have looked after - nu-wa-tak-kan
-- sentence particle;<nu> and + quotative particle<-wa> ... + enclitic personal pronoun; 2nd person singular accusative<-tta> you-- and... for you - LÚMESH.KÚR-KA
-- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as nominative animate<LÚ> man, person + Sumerian plural marker<-MESH> ... + Sumerogram<KÚR> enemy + Akkadian 2nd person singular enclitic possessive pronoun<-KA> your-- your enemies - se-er ku-e-nu-un
-- verb; 1st person singular preterite of mi-conjugation<se:r kue:n-> kill, strike-- I have attacked
43b-45a - nam-ma-wa URUDIDLI.HI.A ú-e-te-nu-un nu-wa-ra-as BÀD-es-na-nu-un nu-wa-ra-as ERINMESH a-sa-an-du-la-az e-ep-pu-un
- nam-ma-wa
-- adverb;<namma> furthermore, moreover + quotative particle<-wa> ...-- Moreover - URUDIDLI.HI.A
-- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as accusative plural animate<URU> city + Sumerian plural marker<-DIDLI.HI.A> ...-- cities - ú-e-te-nu-un
-- verb; 1st person singular preterite of mi-conjugation<wete-> build-- I built - nu-wa-ra-as
-- sentence particle;<nu> and + quotative particle<-war> ... + enclitic personal pronoun; 3rd person plural accusative animate of<-as> he, she, it-- them - BÀD-es-na-nu-un
-- verb; Sumerogram<BÀD> fortify + Hittite phonetic complement<-esnanun> (indicating 1st person singular preterite)-- I fortified - nu-wa-ra-as
-- sentence particle;<nu> and + quotative particle<-war> ... + enclitic personal pronoun; 3rd person plural accusative animate of<-as> he, she, it-- them - ERINMESH
-- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as genitive animate<ERINMESH> army, infantry-- of troops - a-sa-an-du-la-az
-- noun; ablative singular of<asandula-> garrison-- with a garrison - e-ep-pu-un
-- verb; 1st person singular preterite of mi-conjugation<e:pp-> take, seize-- I garrisoned
45b - nu-wa-at-ta I-NA URUMi-ra-a EN-an-ni ti-it-ta-nu-nu-un
- nu-wa-at-ta
-- sentence particle;<nu> and + quotative particle<-wa> ... + enclitic personal pronoun; 2nd person singular accusative<-tta> you-- you - I-NA
-- preposition; Akkadogram<INA> (functioning as graphic indicator of the dative-locative)-- in - URUMi-ra-a
-- proper noun; stem form functioning here as dative-locative singular<Mira:> city of Mira-- in the city of Mira - EN-an-ni
-- noun; Sumerogram<EN> lord + Hittite phonetic complement<-a:nni> (indicating dative-locative singular)-- in lordship - ti-it-ta-nu-nu-un
-- verb; 1st person singular preterite of mi-conjugation<tittiya-> establish, settle-- I established
28-32a - ma-ah-ha-an-ma LÚMESH URUAz-zi a-ú-er URUDIDLI.HI.A BÀD-kan ku-it za-ah-hi-ya-az kat-ta da-as-ke-u-wa-an te-eh-hu-un nu LÚMESH URUAz-zi ku-i-e-es URUDIDLI.HI.A BÀD NÀ4pe-e-ru-nu-us HUR.SAGMESH-us par-ga-u-e-es na-ak-ki-i ASH-RIHI.A EGIR-pa har-ker na-at na-ah-sa-ri-ya-an-da-ti nu-mu LÚMESH SHU-GI KURTI me-na-ah-ha-an-da ú-e-er
- ma-ah-ha-an-ma
-- conjunction;<mahhan> as, how, when + enclitic conjunction<-ma> but, and-- but when - LÚMESH
-- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as nominative animate<LÚ> man, person + Sumerian plural marker<-MESH> ...-- the people - URUAz-zi
-- noun; Sumerogram<URU> city + proper noun; stem form functioning here as genitive singular of<Azzi-> Azzi-- of the city of Azzi - a-ú-er
-- verb; 3rd person plural preterite of hi-conjugation<au-, u-> look, see-- saw - URUDIDLI.HI.A
-- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as accusative plural animate<URU> city + Sumerian plural marker<-DIDLI.HI.A> ...-- cities - BÀD-kan
-- adjective; Sumerogram<BÀD> fortify + locatival particle<-kan> (indicating downward motion)-- fortified - ku-it
-- conjunction;<kuit> because, since-- since - za-ah-hi-ya-az
-- noun; ablative singular of<zahhiya-> battle-- through battle - kat-ta da-as-ke-u-wa-an te-eh-hu-un
-- verb; supine of<katta da:-> take, capture + verb; 1st person singular preterite of<da:i-, tiya-> place, put-- I had begun to capture - nu
-- sentence particle;<nu> and-- and - LÚMESH
-- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as nominative animate<LÚ> man, person + Sumerian plural marker<-MESH> ...-- the people - URUAz-zi
-- noun; Sumerogram<URU> city + proper noun; stem form functioning here as genitive singular of<Azzi-> Azzi-- of the city of Azzi - ku-i-e-es
-- relative pronoun; nominative plural animate of<kui-> that, which, who-- who - URUDIDLI.HI.A
-- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as accusative plural animate<URU> city + Sumerian plural marker<-DIDLI.HI.A> ...-- cities - BÀD
-- adjective; Sumerogram<BÀD> fortify-- fortified - NÀ4pe-e-ru-nu-us
-- noun; accusative plural animate of<pe:runu-> hill fort-- hill forts - HUR.SAGMESH-us
-- noun; Sumerogram<HUR.SAG> mountain + Sumerian plural marker<-MESH> ... + Hittite phonetic complement<-us> (indicating accusative plural animate)-- mountains - par-ga-u-e-es
-- adjective; accusative plural animate of<parku-> high-- high # This is an example of the Neo-Hittite spread of the nominative plural ending -e:s to accusative function. - na-ak-ki-i
-- adjective; accusative plural neuter of<nakki-> heavy, important, steep-- steep - ASH-RIHI.A
-- noun; Akkadogram<ASH-RI> place + Sumerian plural marker<-HI.A> ...-- places - EGIR-pa har-ker
-- verb; 3rd person plural preterite of<a:ppa hark> hold out in-- held out in - na-at
-- sentence particle;<nu> and + enclitic personal pronoun; 3rd person plural nominative<-at> he, she, it-- they # This is an example of the sporadic Neo-Hittite use of the original nominative-accusative singular of the third person enclitic personal pronoun as an animate nominative plural. - na-ah-sa-ri-ya-an-da-ti
-- verb; 3rd person plural preterite middle of mi-conjugation<nahsariya-> fear, become afraid-- took fright - nu-mu
-- sentence particle;<nu> and + enclitic personal pronoun; 1st person singular dative<-mu> me-- to me - LÚMESH SHU-GI
-- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as nominative plural animate of<LÚ> man, person + Sumerian plural marker<-MESH> ... + Sumerogram<SHU-GI> old-- the elders - KURTI
-- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as genitive singular<KUR> land, territory + Akkadian<TI> (abstract suffix)-- of the land - me-na-ah-ha-an-da
-- adverb;<me:nahhanda> facing, opposite-- before me - ú-e-er
-- verb; 3rd person plural preterite of mi-conjugation<uwa-, we-> come-- came
32b - na-at-mu GÌRMESH-as kat-ta-an ha-a-li-i-e-er
- na-at-mu
-- sentence particle;<nu> and + enclitic personal pronoun; 3rd person plural nominative<-at> he, she, it + enclitic personal pronoun; 1st person singular dative<-mu> me-- at me - GÌRMESH-as
-- noun; Sumerogram<GÌR> foot + Sumerian plural marker<-MESH> ... + Hittite phonetic complement<-as> (indicating dative plural)-- at my feet - kat-ta-an ha-a-li-i-e-er
-- verb; 3rd person plural preterite of<kattan haliya-> bow down, prostrate-- prostrated themselves
33 - nu-mu me-mi-er BE-LI-NI-wa-an-na-as le-e ku-it-ki har-ni-ik-ti
- nu-mu
-- sentence particle;<nu> and + enclitic personal pronoun; 1st person singular dative<-mu> me-- to me - me-mi-er
-- verb; 3rd person plural preterite of hi-conjugation<me:ma-, me:miya-> say, speak-- they said - BE-LI-NI-wa-an-na-as
-- noun; Akkadogram<BE:LU> lord, master + Akkadian enclitic possessive pronoun; 1st person plural<-LI-NI> our + quotative particle<-wa> ... + enclitic personal pronoun; 1st person plural accusative<-nnas> us-- Our lord... us - le-e
-- negative emphasizing particle;<le:> no, not-- do not - ku-it-ki
-- indefinite pronoun; accusative singular neuter of<kuisk-> any/some one/thing-- anyhow - har-ni-ik-ti
-- verb; 2nd person singular preterite of mi-conjugation<harnink-> destroy-- destroy # The second person singular when used with the emphatic negative le: had imperative force. Mi-conjugation verbs with stem final velars often take the hi-conjugation ending -ti in the second person singular.
34a - nu-wa-an-na-as-za BE-LI-NI ARAD-an-ni da-a
- nu-wa-an-na-as-za
-- sentence particle;<nu> and + quotative particle<-wa> ... + enclitic personal pronoun; 1st person plural accusative<-nnas> us + enclitic reflexive particle<-za> ...-- us - BE-LI-NI
-- noun; Akkadogram functioning here as vocative singular<BE:LU> lord, master + Akkadian enclitic possessive pronoun; 1st person plural<-LI-NI> our-- our lord - ARAD-an-ni
-- noun; Sumerogram<ARAD> slave, servant, vassal + Hittite phonetic complement<-a:nni> (indicating dative singular)-- in vassalship - da-a
-- verb; 2nd person singular imperative of hi-conjugation<da:-> take-- take
34b-35a - nu-wa A-NA BE-LI-NI ERÍNMESH ANSHE.KUR.RAHI.A pe-es-ke-u-wa-an ti-i-ya-u-e-ni
- nu-wa
-- sentence particle;<nu> and + quotative particle<-wa> ...-- and - A-NA
-- preposition; Akkadogram<ANA> (functioning as graphic indicator of the dative-locative)-- to - BE-LI-NI
-- noun; Akkadogram functioning here as vocative singular<BE:LU> lord, master + Akkadian enclitic possessive pronoun; 1st person plural<-LI-NI> our-- our lord - ERÍNMESH
-- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as accusative plural of<ERINMESH> army, infantry-- infantry - ANSHE.KUR.RAHI.A
-- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as accusative plural of<ANSHU.KUR.RAHI.A> chariot troops-- (and) chariot fighters - pe-es-ke-u-wa-an
-- verb; supine of<pa:i-, piya-> give + verb; 1st person plural present of<da:i-, tiya-> place, put-- we will begin providing
35b-36a - NAM.RA URUHa-at-ti-ya-wa-an-na-as-kan ku-is an-da nu-wa-ra-an pa-ra-a pi-i-ya-u-e-ni
- NAM.RA
-- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as accusative plural animate of<NAM.RA> captive, colonist-- and the captive - URUHa-at-ti-ya-wa-an-na-as-kan
-- proper noun; stem form functioning here as genitive singular<Hatti> Hatti + enclitic conjunction<-ya> and + quotative particle<-wa> ... + enclitic personal pronoun; 1st person plural accusative<-nnas> us + locatival particle<-kan> (indicating downward motion)-- of Hatti - ku-is
-- relative pronoun; nominative singular animate of<kui-> that, which, who-- who - an-da
-- postposition;<anda> in, into, at-- into - nu-wa-ra-an
-- sentence particle;<nu> and + quotative particle<-wa> ... + enclitic personal pronoun; 3rd person singular animate accusative<-an> him, her, it-- him - pa-ra-a pi-i-ya-u-e-ni
-- verb; 1st person plural present of hi-conjugation<para: pai-/piya-> hand over-- we will hand over
36b-37 - na-as nam-ma DUTUSHI Ú-UL har-ni-in-ku-un na-as-za ARAD-an-ni da-ah-hu-un na-as-za ARAD-ah-hu-un
- na-as
-- sentence particle;<nu> and + enclitic personal pronoun; 1st person singular nominative of<-as> I-- I - nam-ma
-- conjunction;<namma> furthermore, moreover-- moreover - DUTUSHI
-- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as nominative singular animate<DUTUSHI> my majesty-- my majesty # This expression, composed of Sumerian DUTU, the Sumerogram meaning "Sungod" plus an Akkadian phonetic complement SHI, derived from the Akkadian word for "Sungod", SHams^u, and conventionally translated as "My Sun" or "My Majesty", is the title by which Hittite kings habitually referred to themselves in texts written after the Old Kingdom period. - Ú-UL
-- adverb; Akkadian negative<U:L> not-- not - har-ni-in-ku-un
-- verb; 1st person singular preterite of mi-conjugation<harnink-> destroy-- I did... destroy - na-as-za
-- sentence particle;<nu> and + enclitic personal pronoun; 3rd person plural accusative animate of<-as> he, she, it + reflexive particle<-za> ...-- them # This is Neo-Hittite usage for expected -us. - ARAD-an-ni
-- noun; Sumerogram<ARAD> slave, servant, vassal + Hittite phonetic complement<-a:nni> (indicating dative singular)-- in vassalship - da-ah-hu-un
-- verb; 1st person singular preterite of hi-conjugation<da:-> take-- I took - na-as-za
-- sentence particle;<nu> and + enclitic personal pronoun; 3rd person plural accusative animate of<-as> he, she, it + enclitic reflexive particle<-za> ...-- and them - ARAD-ah-hu-un
-- verb; Sumerogram<ARAD> slave, servant, vassal + Hittite phonetic complement<-ahhun> (indicating 1st person singular preterite)-- I made them vassals
38-39 - nu-mu MU.KAM-za ku-it se-er te-e-pa-u-e-es-sa-an-za e-es-ta nu nam-ma KUR URUAz-zi Ú-UL da-ni-nu-nu-un nu LÚMESH URUAz-zi li-in-ga-nu-nu-un
- nu-mu
-- sentence particle;<nu> and + enclitic personal pronoun; 1st person singular dative<-mu> me-- and for me - MU.KAM-za
-- noun; Sumerogram<MU> year + Sumerogram<KAM> a measure of time + Hittite phonetic complement functioning here as ergative singular<-za> ...-- the year - ku-it
-- conjunction;<kuit> because, since-- because - se-er te-e-pa-u-e-es-sa-an-za
-- verb participle; nominative singular animate of<se:r tepauwe:ss-> become little, become short-- short - e-es-ta
-- verb; 3rd person singular preterite of mi-conjugation<e:s-> be-- had becomme - nu
-- sentence particle;<nu> and-- and - nam-ma
-- adverb;<namma> furthermore, moreover-- moreover - KUR
-- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as accusative singular neuter<KUR> land, territory-- the land - URUAz-zi
-- noun; Sumerogram<URU> city + proper noun; stem form functioning here as genitive singular of<Azzi-> Azzi-- of Azzi - Ú-UL
-- adverb; Akkadian negative<U:L> not-- I did not - da-ni-nu-nu-un
-- 1st person singular preterite of mi-conjugation<taninu-> set in order, fortify-- fortify - nu
-- sentence particle;<nu> and-- instead - LÚMESH
-- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as accusative animate<LÚ> man, person + Sumerian plural marker<-MESH> ...-- the men - URUAz-zi
-- noun; Sumerogram<URU> city + proper noun; stem form functioning here as genitive singular of<Azzi-> Azzi-- of Azzi - li-in-ga-nu-nu-un
-- verb; 1st person singular preterite of<linganu-> place under oath-- I placed under oath
40a - nam-ma URUHa-at-tu-si ú-wa-nu-un
- nam-ma
-- conjunction;<namma> furthermore, moreover-- moreover - URUHa-at-tu-si
-- proper noun; dative singular of<Hattusa-> Hattusas-- to the city of Hattusas - ú-wa-nu-un
-- verb; 1st person singular preterite of mi-conjugation<uwa-, we-> come-- I came
40b-41 - nu URUHa-at-tu-si gi-im-ma-an-da-ri-ya-nu-un nu-za EZENHI.A SHA MU.6.KAM i-ya-nu-un
- nu
-- sentence particle;<nu> and-- and - URUHa-at-tu-si
-- proper noun; dative-locative singular of<Hattusa-> Hattusas-- in the city of Hattusas - gi-im-ma-an-da-ri-ya-nu-un
-- verb; 1st person singular preterite of mi-conjugation<gimandariya-> spend the winter, overwinter-- I spent the winter - nu-za
-- sentence particle;<nu> and + enclitic reflexive particle<-za> ...-- and - EZENHI.A
-- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as accusative<EZEN> festival + Sumerian plural marker<-HI.A> ...-- the festivals - SHA
-- preposition; Akkadogram<SHA> (functioning as graphic indicator of the genitive)-- of - MU.6.KAM
-- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as genitive singular<MU> year + numeral;<6> six + Sumerogram<KAM> a measure of time-- of the sixth year - i-ya-nu-un
-- verb; 1st person singular preterite of mi-conjugation<iya-> do, make-- I celebrated
Lesson Text
9b A-NA MU-uh-ha-LÚ-ma LÚTE4-MU u-i-ya-nu-un
10-12a nu-us-si ha-at-ra-a-nu-un ARADMESH-YA-wa-at-tak-kan ku-i-e-es an-da ú-e-er nu-wa-ra-as-ta EGIR-pa ku-it ú-e-wa-ak-ke-nu-un nu-wa-ra-as-mu EGIR-pa Ú-UL pa-is-ta
12b nu-wa-ra-as-mu EGIR-pa Ú-UL pa-is-ta nu-wa-mu-za DUMU-la-an hal-zi-es-se-es-ta
13-14 nu-wa-mu-za te-ep-nu-us-ke-et ki-nu-na-wa e-hu nu-wa za-ah-hi-ya-u-wa-as-ta-ti nu-wa-an-na-as DU BE-LÍ-YA DI-NAM ha-an-na-a-ú
15-17a ma-ah-ha-an-ma i-ya-ah-ha-at nu GIM-an I-NA HUR.SAGLa-wa-sa a-ar-hu-un nu-za DU NIR.GÁL EN-YA pa-ra-a ha-an-da-an-da-a-tar te-ek-ku-us-sa-nu-ut nu GISHkal-mi-sa-na-an si-ya-a-it
17b-18a nu GISHkal-mi-sa-na-an am-me-el KARASHHI.A-YA us-ke-et
18b KUR URUAr-za-u-wa-ya-an us-ke-et
18c-19 nu GISHkal-mi-sa-na-as pa-it nu KUR URUAr-za-u-wa GUL-ah-ta SHA MUuhha-LÚ-ya URUA-pa-a-sa-an URU-an GUL-ah-ta
33 nu-za MMa-na-pa-DU-an KUR ÍDSe-e-ha-ya ARAD-an-ni da-ah-hu-un
34 nam-ma I-NA KUR URUMi-ra-a EGIR-pa ú-wa-nu-un nu KUR URUMi-ra-a ta-ni-nu-nu-un
35 nam-ma URUAr-sa-ni-in URUSa-a-ra-u-wa-an URUIm-pa-an-na ú-e-te-nu-un na-as BÀD-es-na-nu-un
36-37a na-as ERINMESH a-sa-an-du-la-az e-ep-pu-un URUHa-a-pa-nu-wa-an-na ERINMESH a-sa-an-du-la-az e-ep-pu-un
37b nam-ma I-NA URUMi-ra-a MMas-hu-i-lu-wa-an EN-iz-na-an-ni ti-it-ta-nu-nu-un
38a nu A-NA MMas-as-hu-i-lu-wa kis-sa-an me-ma-ah-hu-un
38b-39 zi-ik-wa-kan MPÍSH.TUR-as PA-NI A-BI-YA pit-ti-ya-an-ti-li an-da ú-et nu-wa-at-ta A-BU-YA sa-ra-a da-a-as
40-41a nu-wa-du-za LÚHA-TÁ-NU i-ya-at nu-wa-at-ta MUNUSMu-u-wa-at-tin a-pe-el DUMU.MUNUS-ZU MUNUS KU-YA A-NA DAMUT-TU-SHU pe-es-ta
41b-42a EGIR-an-ma-wa-ar-as-ta Ú-UL ti-i-ya-at nu-wa-at-tak-kan LÚMESH.KÚR-KA se-er Ú-UL ku-en-ta
42b-43a nu-wa-at-ta am-mu-uk EGIR-an ti-i-ya-nu-un nu-wa-tak-kan LÚMESH.KÚR-KA se-er ku-e-nu-un
43b-45a nam-ma-wa URUDIDLI.HI.A ú-e-te-nu-un nu-wa-ra-as BÀD-es-na-nu-un nu-wa-ra-as ERINMESH a-sa-an-du-la-az e-ep-pu-un
45b nu-wa-at-ta I-NA URUMi-ra-a EN-an-ni ti-it-ta-nu-nu-un
28-32a ma-ah-ha-an-ma LÚMESH URUAz-zi a-ú-er URUDIDLI.HI.A BÀD-kan ku-it za-ah-hi-ya-az kat-ta da-as-ke-u-wa-an te-eh-hu-un nu LÚMESH URUAz-zi ku-i-e-es URUDIDLI.HI.A BÀD NÀ4pe-e-ru-nu-us HUR.SAGMESH-us par-ga-u-e-es na-ak-ki-i ASH-RIHI.A EGIR-pa har-ker na-at na-ah-sa-ri-ya-an-da-ti nu-mu LÚMESH SHU-GI KURTI me-na-ah-ha-an-da ú-e-er
32b na-at-mu GÌRMESH-as kat-ta-an ha-a-li-i-e-er
33 nu-mu me-mi-er BE-LI-NI-wa-an-na-as le-e ku-it-ki har-ni-ik-ti
34a nu-wa-an-na-as-za BE-LI-NI ARAD-an-ni da-a
34b-35a nu-wa A-NA BE-LI-NI ERÍNMESH ANSHE.KUR.RAHI.A pe-es-ke-u-wa-an ti-i-ya-u-e-ni
35b-36a NAM.RA URUHa-at-ti-ya-wa-an-na-as-kan ku-is an-da nu-wa-ra-an pa-ra-a pi-i-ya-u-e-ni
36b-37 na-as nam-ma DUTUSHI Ú-UL har-ni-in-ku-un na-as-za ARAD-an-ni da-ah-hu-un na-as-za ARAD-ah-hu-un
38-39 nu-mu MU.KAM-za ku-it se-er te-e-pa-u-e-es-sa-an-za e-es-ta nu nam-ma KUR URUAz-zi Ú-UL da-ni-nu-nu-un nu LÚMESH URUAz-zi li-in-ga-nu-nu-un
40a nam-ma URUHa-at-tu-si ú-wa-nu-un
40b-41 nu URUHa-at-tu-si gi-im-ma-an-da-ri-ya-nu-un nu-za EZENHI.A SHA MU.6.KAM i-ya-nu-un
Translation
Year 3; lines 9b-19: But, to Uhhaziti I sent a messenger. I wrote him: "My subjects who came to you, because I now demanded (them) back, you have not given (them) back to me. And you have been calling me a child; and you have been belittling me. Now come on: we will fight one another. And the Stormgod, my lord, decide our case." And as I marched, when I arrived at Mt. Lawasa, then the mighty Stormgod, my lord, displayed (his) divine might. He hurled a thunderbolt. And my troops saw the thunderbolt and the country of Arzawa saw the thunderbolt. The thunderbolt went and struck the country of Arzawa and it struck Apasa, Uhhaziti's city.
Year 4; lines 33-45: I took Manappa-Datta of the Seha river land as vassal. And moreover I went back to the country of Mira and I fortified the country of Mira. Moreover, I built the cities Arsanini, Sarawa, and Impa and fortified them and garrisoned them with troops. And I garrisoned the city of Hapanuwa with troops. Furthermore, In Mira, I set up Mashuiluwas in overlordship. And I said the following to Mashuiluwas: "You, Mashuiluwas, came before my father as a fugitive and my father took you in and made you his son-in-law and gave you Muwattis, his daughter, my sister, in marriage. But he could not be concerned with you and (he could not) attack your enemies for you. But I am concerned with you, and I have attacked your enemies for you. And, moreover, I have built cities and fortified them and garrisoned them with troops. And I have settled you in lordship in Mira."
Year 10; lines 28-41: But when the people of Azzi saw that I had started taking fortified cities in battle, the people of Azzi, who held out in fortified cities, fortified rock forts, high mountains and high places, they became afraid. Then the elders of the county came before me and prostrated themselves at my feet. And they said to me: "Our lord, do not destroy us, Take us, our lord, into vassalship, and we will begin providing to our lord infantry and chariot fighters. And the Hittite captive who is among us, we will hand him over." Moreover, I, my majesty, did not destroy them and I took them in vassalship and I made them vassals. And because the year had become short for me, I did not fortify (Azzi); instead, I put the people of Azzi under oath and then I went to Hattusas and I spent the winter in Hattusas. Festivals of the sixth year (there).
Grammar
21. Iya-stem Adjectives and Nouns
A number of adjectives and a handful of nouns have a suffix -iya-. In some instances, forms with -iya- are found beside i-stem forms. Some of the nouns of this type may be former i-stems that have taken on a-stem inflection. Others, which were originally iya-stems, may either have adopted i-stem inflection by analogy, or they may have undergone a sound change in which the final a of the suffix was dropped. The adjective hantezziya- 'first', which is quite common, and which is sometimes spelled with the Sumerogram IGI plus phonetic complement, provides representative examples.
| animate | neuter | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | hantezz-i | |||||
| nom. | hantezz-iya-s, hantezz-i-s | hantezz-i | ||||
| acc. | hantezz-iya-n, hantezz-i-n | |||||
| gen. | hantezz-iya-s | |||||
| dat/loc. | ||||||
| abl. | hantezz-iy-az | |||||
| inst. | ||||||
| all. | hantezz-iy-a | |||||
| Plural | ||||||
| nom. | hantezz-i-e:s | |||||
| acc. | hantess-i-us | |||||
| gen. | hantezz-iya-s |
22. r/n-stem nouns
Hittite has a number of neuter nouns in which a stem in -r, normally found in the nominative-accusative singular and plural, and sometimes in the locative singular, alternates with a stem in -n-. In the other Indo-European languages this is an archaic inflection retained only in scattered remnants, but Hittite not only possesses a number of archaic nouns with the original inflection fairly intact, the -r, -n- stem type of inflection is productive in Hittite and is used to form several kinds of verbal nouns.
The most archaic nouns of this type, such as wa:tar 'water' or e:shar 'blood', show an alternation both in the shapes of their roots and in the shapes of their suffixes according to case. Wa:tar retains the old collective-plural suffix -a:r in its nominative-accusative plural, while the attested forms of e:shar may reflect a mix of inherited singular and plural-collective forms.
| Singular | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nom/acc. | wa:t-ar | e:sh-ar | ||
| gen. | wit-en-as | e:s-n-as, ish-an-as, e:sh-an-as | ||
| dat/loc. | wit-en-i | e:s-n-i, ish-an-i | ||
| abl. | wit-en-az | ish-an-za | ||
| inst. | wid-an-ta | e:sh-an-ta | ||
| all. | ||||
| Plural | ||||
| nom/acc. | wid-a:r |
The early instrumental widanta was later replaced by witenit, with a stem witen- based on the stem of the genitive, dative, and ablative. The loss of h between consonants in genitive e:snas and dative e:sni may have occurred in Indo-European or it may have been an inner Hittite development. Forms such as genitive ishanas were possibly inherited from an Indo-European collective inflection. It seems likely that forms with the stem e:sh-an- have adopted the root of the nominative-accusative.
In pa:hhur 'fire' the suffix alternates between -ur in the nominative-accusative singular and -wen- elsewhere in the paradigm, while in me:hur 'time', the suffix of the nominative-accusative is -ur and the suffix of the rest of the paradimg is -un-:
| Singular | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nom/acc. | pa:hh-ur | me:h-ur | ||
| gen. | pa:hh-wen-as | me:h-un-as | ||
| dat/loc. | pa:hh-wen-i | me:h-in-i | ||
| abl. | pa:hh-wen-az | *me:h-un-az | ||
| inst. | pa:hh-wen-it | |||
| all. | *me:h-un-a |
Two other nouns, uttar 'word, thing, affair' and pattar 'basket, tray', have a suffix -ar that alternates with a suffix -an-. The plural of uttar, udda:r also retains the old collective suffix -a:r.
| Singular | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nom/acc. | utt-ar | patt-ar | ||
| gen. | utt-an-as | *patt-an-as | ||
| dat/loc. | udd-an-i: | patt-an-i: | ||
| abl. | udd-an-az | patt-an-az | ||
| inst. | udd-an-ta | patt-an-it | ||
| all. | ||||
| Plural | ||||
| nom/acc. | udd-a:r | |||
| dat/loc. | udd-an-as |
22.1. Complex Suffixes
Other neuter nouns of this type have complex suffixes which are the product of adding the suffixes -r and -n- to already existing nominal stems, some of which were themselves formed from verbal stems. Many of these nouns also have close relationships to verbs from which the base nouns were derived. Nouns in -a:war, -a:un-, such as asa:war 'sheepfold' and pata:war 'feather' seem originally to have been formed from -a:-stem nouns. The root of asa:war is related to the root as- beside e:s- 'be':
| Singular | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nom/acc. | as-a:war | part-a:war | ||
| gen. | *as-a:un-as | part-a:un-as | ||
| dat. | as-a:un-i | *part-a:u-ni | ||
| abl. | as-a:un-az | part-a:un-az | ||
| inst. | *as-a:un-it | part-a:un-it | ||
| all. |
The complex suffix -essar, -esn- forms verbal nouns, for example, hannessar, 'law case, judgment' comes from hann- 'litigate, decide a court case'.
| Singular | ||
|---|---|---|
| nom/acc. | hanness-ar | |
| gen. | hannes-n-as | |
| dat. | hannes-n-i | |
| abl. | hanness-n-az | |
| inst. | hannes-n-it | |
| all. |
The suffix -a:tar is used to form abstract nouns from verbs. In nouns of this type, the nominative-accusative -a:tar alternates with a suffix -a:nn- from *-a:dn-. A frozen form of the allative -a:nna forms one type of infinitive. Papra:tar 'impurity', which is well attested, beside the verbs papre- 'be proven guilty' (i.e. 'impure'), papress- 'become impure', and paprahh- 'defile, make impure' is a representative noun of this type:
| Singular | ||
|---|---|---|
| nom/acc. | papra:tar | |
| gen. | papra:nn-as | |
| dat. | papra:nn-i | |
| abl. | papra:nn-aza | |
| inst. | *papra:nn-it | |
| all. | *papra:nn-a |
Verbal abstract nouns in -war, have a genitive in -was, from an earlier -wons with a regular sound change of ns to s. The suffix in -n is preserved in the supine in -wan, from an original endingless locative, and in the infinitive in -wanzi from an original dative. Because original sequences of uw became um, verbs with stems in final -u- make verbal nouns in -mar, -mas, supines with the suffix -uman, and infinitives in -umanzi. The verbal nouns are often found in the genitive in expressions like: takna:z da:uwas 'taking from the earth' with da:uwas, genitive of da:war, the verbal noun of da:- 'take', zahhiyas pe:dan 'place of battle, battlefield' with the genitive of zahhiyawar from zahhiya- 'fight'.
22.2. Pe:r, parn- 'house'
The noun *pe:r 'house' (normally written É-er) has a stem par-n- in forms other than the nominative-accusative singular and plural. In the locative, the forms *pe:r without ending and *pe:r-i (written É-er and É-ri or É-i) are found beside parn-i:
| Singular | ||
|---|---|---|
| nom/acc. | *pe:er, Éer | |
| gen. | par-n-as | |
| dat/loc. |