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Hittite Online

Lesson 7

Sara E. Kimball, Winfred P. Lehmann, and Jonathan Slocum

The bronze tablet introduced here, containing the state treaty of Tuthalijas IV, circa 1260-1240 B.C., was found in Bogazköy in 1986. It provides an excellent example of such treaties as well as information on the state of the Hittite Empire at the time. After noting that his father, Hattushilish III (circa 1283-1260 B.C.) had deposed Urhi-Teshshup (circa 1285-1283), the son of Muwattallish (circa 1313-1285), it absolves his second son, Kurunta, of any blame and permits him to maintain his position as king in the southern land of Tarhuntashsha. In addition it goes on at length to specify the boundaries of that land in detail. The third paragraph here indicates that Tuthalijash has continued the arrangement after the godhead accepted him and he became king. The find is especially interesting in that it states specifically that the tablet was produced for such a purpose.

Reading and Textual Analysis

Among the interests in the treaty is the basis for the favoring of Kurunta. As noted in the first paragraph presented here, Muwattalish had given Kurunta to Hattushilish to raise. There may then have been a brotherly relation between him and Tuthalijash. But while he maintains fraternal arrangements with Kurunta, Tuthalijash states clearly in further sections of the treaty that he has authority over him so that he will protect him and his descendants in his small land, as will also the descendants of Tuthalija in the future. Moreover, Kurunta has limitations as well as responsibilities. Hattushilish had deprived him of cavalry, so that in the future as well he will have only the obligation to provide foot soldiers for the king of Hatti is he is attacked or if he sets out to attack others; but will not be required to provide garrisons. That is to say, all the provisions that had been arranged previously will be maintained. In the concluding sections a long list of gods and goddesses is recorded as witnesses to the treaty. It is concluded with the statement that the scribe producing the tablet, Halwaziti, has written it for or in the presence of the son of the king as well as numerous other notable royals.

2 - A-BU-YA ku-wa-pi MHa-at-tu-si-li-is A-NA MÚR-hi-te-es-su-up-as DUMU MMu-u-wa-at-ta-al-li me-na-ah-ha-an-da ku-ru-ri-ah-ta na-an LUGAL-iz-na-an-ni ar-ha ti-it-ta-nu-ut A-NA M DLAMMA-ma-kan wa-as-tul Ú-UL ku-it-ki a-as-ta

LÚMESH URUHa-at-ti ku-it im-ma ku-it wa-as-ti-ir M DLAMMA-as-ma-kan Ú-UL ku-wa-ap-pi-ki an-da e-es-ta

an-ni-sa-an-pat-an MNIR.GÁL-is LUGAL-us A-NA A-BU-YA MHa-at-tu-si-li sal-la-nu-um-ma-an-zi pi-ya-an har-ta na-an an-ni-sa-an-pat A-BU-YA sal-la-nu-us-ke-et

3 - ma-ah-ha-an-ma A-BU-YA MÚR-hi-te-es-su-pa-an LUGAL-iz-na-ni ar-ha ti-it-ta-nu-ut M DLAMMA-an-ma A-BU-YA da-a-as na-an I-NA KUR URU DU-ta-as-sa LUGAL-iz-na-an-ni ti-it-ta-nu-ut

nu-us-si A-BU-YA ku-it is-hi-ú-ul i-ya-at ZAGMESH-is-si ma-ah-ha-an da-is nu-us-si A-BU-YA TUP-PAHI.A RI-KIL-TI i-ya-at

na-at M DLAMMA-as har-zi

ZAGMESH-ma-as-si ki-is-sa-an ti-ya-an-te-es ISH-TU KUR URUPi-ta-as-sa-at-ta HUR.SAGHa-u-wa-a-as `kan-ta-an-na URUZa-ar-ni-ya-as URUSa-na-an-tar-wa-as ZAG-as URUZa-ar-ni-ya-a-as-ma-kan `kan-ta-an-na I-NA KUR ÍDHu-u-la-ya a-as-sa-an URUSa-na-an-tar-wa-as-ma-kan I-NA KUR URUPi-ta-as-sa a-as-sa-an-zi

4 - ISH-TU KUR URUPi-it-as-sa-ma-as-si an-na-az URUNa-ah-ha-an-ta-as ZAG-as e-es-ta

nu-kan A-NA TUP-PI RI-KIL-TI SHA A-BU-YA DKASKAL.KUR URUA-ri-im-ma-at-ta ZAG-as i-ya-an-za ki-nu-na-as-si DUTUSHI an-na-al-li-in ZAG EGIR-pa te-eh-hu-un

nu-us-si ISH-TU KUR URUPi-ta-as-sa ISH-TU KUR URUA-ri-im-ma-at-ta URUNa-ah-ha-an-ta-as URUHa-ut-ta-as-sa-as-sa ZAG-as URUNa-ah-ha-an-ta-as-ma-kan URUHa-ut-ta-as-sa-as-sa I-NA KUR ÍDHu-u-la-ya a-as-sa-an-te-es

15 - ma-ah-ah-an-ma-za A-BU-YA ku-wa-pi DINGIRLIM ki-sa-at nu KUR.KURHI.A ku-it a-ar-sa ti-ya-at

M DLAMMA-as-ma-mu a-pe-e-da-ni-ya me-e-hu-ni se-er ak-ta nu-mu pa-ah-ha-as-ta

nu MA-ME-TEMESH ku-e le-en-qa-an har-ta nu-kan Ú-UL ku-it-ki wa-ah-nu-ut

ma-ah-ha-an-ma-mu DINGIRLUM da-a-as nu LUGAL-iz-zi-ah-ha-at

nu A-NA M DLAMMA is-hi-ú-ul ki-is-sa-an i-ya-nu-un

A-NA TUP-PI RI-KIL-TI SHA A-BU-YA-kan ku-i-e-es URUDIDLI.HI.A Ú-UL ki-ya-an-ta-ri nu a-pu-u-us URUDIDLI.HI.A ISH-TU A.SHÀ A.GÀR NAM.RA hu-u-ma-an-ta-za A-NA M DLAMMA LUGAL KUR URU DU-ta-as-sa ARAD-an-ni AD-DIN

ku-is-kan im-ma ku-is SHÀBI KUR ÍDHu-u-la-ya e-es-zi nu-kan hu-u-ma-an A-NA M DLAMMA LUGAL KUR DU-ta-as-sa ARAD-an-ni a-as-sa-an ZAGHI.A-ya-as-si EGIR-pa SIG5-in te-eh-hu-un

NA4he-kur SAG.USH-as-si EGIR-pa pe-eh-hu-un

nu-kan zi-la-ti-ya NA4he-kur SAG.USH A-NA NUMUN M DLAMMA ar-ha le-e ku-is-ki da-a-i

Lesson Text

2 A-BU-YA ku-wa-pi MHa-at-tu-si-li-is A-NA MÚR-hi-te-es-su-up-as DUMU MMu-u-wa-at-ta-al-li me-na-ah-ha-an-da ku-ru-ri-ah-ta na-an LUGAL-iz-na-an-ni ar-ha ti-it-ta-nu-ut A-NA M DLAMMA-ma-kan wa-as-tul Ú-UL ku-it-ki a-as-ta
 LÚMESH URUHa-at-ti ku-it im-ma ku-it wa-as-ti-ir M DLAMMA-as-ma-kan Ú-UL ku-wa-ap-pi-ki an-da e-es-ta
 an-ni-sa-an-pat-an MNIR.GÁL-is LUGAL-us A-NA A-BU-YA MHa-at-tu-si-li sal-la-nu-um-ma-an-zi pi-ya-an har-ta na-an an-ni-sa-an-pat A-BU-YA sal-la-nu-us-ke-et
3 ma-ah-ha-an-ma A-BU-YA MÚR-hi-te-es-su-pa-an LUGAL-iz-na-ni ar-ha ti-it-ta-nu-ut M DLAMMA-an-ma A-BU-YA da-a-as na-an I-NA KUR URU DU-ta-as-sa LUGAL-iz-na-an-ni ti-it-ta-nu-ut
 nu-us-si A-BU-YA ku-it is-hi-ú-ul i-ya-at ZAGMESH-is-si ma-ah-ha-an da-is nu-us-si A-BU-YA TUP-PAHI.A RI-KIL-TI i-ya-at
 na-at M DLAMMA-as har-zi
 ZAGMESH-ma-as-si ki-is-sa-an ti-ya-an-te-es ISH-TU KUR URUPi-ta-as-sa-at-ta HUR.SAGHa-u-wa-a-as `kan-ta-an-na URUZa-ar-ni-ya-as URUSa-na-an-tar-wa-as ZAG-as URUZa-ar-ni-ya-a-as-ma-kan `kan-ta-an-na I-NA KUR ÍDHu-u-la-ya a-as-sa-an URUSa-na-an-tar-wa-as-ma-kan I-NA KUR URUPi-ta-as-sa a-as-sa-an-zi
4 ISH-TU KUR URUPi-it-as-sa-ma-as-si an-na-az URUNa-ah-ha-an-ta-as ZAG-as e-es-ta
 nu-kan A-NA TUP-PI RI-KIL-TI SHA A-BU-YA DKASKAL.KUR URUA-ri-im-ma-at-ta ZAG-as i-ya-an-za ki-nu-na-as-si DUTUSHI an-na-al-li-in ZAG EGIR-pa te-eh-hu-un
 nu-us-si ISH-TU KUR URUPi-ta-as-sa ISH-TU KUR URUA-ri-im-ma-at-ta URUNa-ah-ha-an-ta-as URUHa-ut-ta-as-sa-as-sa ZAG-as URUNa-ah-ha-an-ta-as-ma-kan URUHa-ut-ta-as-sa-as-sa I-NA KUR ÍDHu-u-la-ya a-as-sa-an-te-es
15 ma-ah-ah-an-ma-za A-BU-YA ku-wa-pi DINGIRLIM ki-sa-at nu KUR.KURHI.A ku-it a-ar-sa ti-ya-at
M DLAMMA-as-ma-mu a-pe-e-da-ni-ya me-e-hu-ni se-er ak-ta nu-mu pa-ah-ha-as-ta
nu MA-ME-TEMESH ku-e le-en-qa-an har-ta nu-kan Ú-UL ku-it-ki wa-ah-nu-ut
 ma-ah-ha-an-ma-mu DINGIRLUM da-a-as nu LUGAL-iz-zi-ah-ha-at
 nu A-NA M DLAMMA is-hi-ú-ul ki-is-sa-an i-ya-nu-un
 A-NA TUP-PI RI-KIL-TI SHA A-BU-YA-kan ku-i-e-es URUDIDLI.HI.A Ú-UL ki-ya-an-ta-ri nu a-pu-u-us URUDIDLI.HI.A ISH-TU A.SHÀ A.GÀR NAM.RA hu-u-ma-an-ta-za A-NA M DLAMMA LUGAL KUR URU DU-ta-as-sa ARAD-an-ni AD-DIN
 ku-is-kan im-ma ku-is SHÀBI KUR ÍDHu-u-la-ya e-es-zi nu-kan hu-u-ma-an A-NA M DLAMMA LUGAL KUR DU-ta-as-sa ARAD-an-ni a-as-sa-an ZAGHI.A-ya-as-si EGIR-pa SIG5-in te-eh-hu-un
 NA4he-kur SAG.USH-as-si EGIR-pa pe-eh-hu-un
 nu-kan zi-la-ti-ya NA4he-kur SAG.USH A-NA NUMUN M DLAMMA ar-ha le-e ku-is-ki da-a-i

Translation

2 When my father, Hattusilis, revolted against Urhi-Tessup, son of Muwattallis and deposed him from kingship, no blame whatsoever attached to (lit. "remained with") Kuruntas. However the people of Hatti had been at fault, Kuruntas was in no way whatsoever (involved) in (the wrong side). Already before, the king, Muwattallis, had given him (Kuruntas) to Hattusilis to raise, and already before, my father (i.e. Hattusilis) had raised him. Previously, Muwattallis, the king, had handed him over to my father, Hattusilis, to raise, and my father had raised him.
3 But when my father deposed Urhi-Tessup from kingship, my father took Kuruntas and set him up in kingship in Tarhuntassas. The treaty that my father made for him -- how he set the boundaries for him -- my father made a treaty-tablet (concerning them); and Karunta possesses it. Moreover, the boundaries are laid out for him as follows: for you, from the town of Pitassas, the borders are: Mt. Hawas, the Kantana of Zarniyas, and the town of Sanantarwas. The Kantana of Zarniyas to the Hulaya river-land remain (as borders). And the town of Santanarwas to the town of Pitassas remain (as borders).
4 From the town of Pitassas, the town of Nahhantas was the border. And, on the treaty tablet of my father, the river source of Arimattas was made the border. But for now, for him (Kuruntas), My Majesty has reestablished the previous border. From the town of Pitassas, from the town of Arimattas, the town of Nahhantas (and) the town of Hautassa are the border. But Nahhantas and Hautassa to the Huliya river-land remain (the border).
15 But when my father died (lit. "became a god"), whichever lands had remained waiting (to attack) at that time, Kuruntas was prepared to die for me. He protected me, and he kept the oath which he had sworn and in no way did he turn aside (from his loyalty). But when the god took me, and I became king, then I made a treaty with Kuruntas as follows: those towns which were not placed on the treaty tablet of my father, those towns, along with field and meadow, (and) all deportees, I gave to Kuruntas (to hold) in vassalship. And whatever is within the Hulaya river-land, all (of it) remains for Kuruntas, king of Tarhuntassas (to hold) in vassalship. I have reestablished the borders well for him. I have returned the permanent rock sanctuary to him; and henceforth, let no one take away the permanent rock sanctuary from the descendants of Kuruntas.

Grammar

31. The Instrumental

The instrumental case indicates an object or material with which something is done or (semi-adverbially) the way in which something is accomplished. It may usually be translated in English by the prepositions "by," "with," or "by means of":

    GÌR-it   sara:   pa:un
    by foot (inst.)   up   I went
    "I went up by foot."
             
    nu   SILÁ   wetenit   katta a:nsanzi
    and   lamb   with water (inst.)   down-wipe
    "They wipe down a lamb with water."
                 
    nu   (D)IS^TAR   GAS^AN-YA   A-NA   (M)Mursli   A.BI-YA
    and   Ishtar   lady-my   to   Mursilis   father-my
    U\-et   (M)NIR.GA\L   S^ES^-YA   wiyat        
    with a dream (inst.)   Muwatallis   brother-my   sent        
    "And Ishtar, My lady, sent Muwattallis, my brother, to my father in (lit. 'by means of') a dream."
                         
    ta   kalulupu-smus   ga:pinit   hul:liemi
    and   fingers-their   with thread (inst.)   I wrap
    "I wrap their fingers with thread."
31.1. Causation

The instrumental can be used to indicate the cause of some actions:

    DUMU.LÚU19LURMESH   DINGIRMESH-s-a   kistanit   harkiyanzi
    humans   gods-and   from hunger (inst.)   perish
    "Humans and gods are perishing from hunger."
31.2. Containment

In English, we might speak of transporting a substance "in" a container. In Hittite, however, the container is often rendered in the instrumental case:

    ki:danda   pattanit   ekan   utiskemi
    this (inst.)   with bucket (inst.)   ice   I keep bringing
    "I keep bringing ice with this bucket."
                 
    nu   2   DUMUMESH.É.GAL   ANA   LUGAL   MUNUS.LUGAL
    and   two   sons of the palace   to   king   queen
    ME:QATI   hu:parit   GUSHKIN   pe:danzi        
    hand-water   with a bowl (inst.)   golden   offer        
    "Two sons of the palace offer the king (and) queen hand-water in (lit 'with') a bowl."
31.3. Verbs meaning "fill"

Verbs meaning "fill" take a noun in the instrumental. Compare English "filled with water":

    anda-kan   hale:nas   tessummius   tarlipit   su:wamus
    in-locatival   of clay   cups   with tarlipta-drink (inst.)   filled
    2-TAM   petumini            
    twice   we bring            
    "Twice, we bring in the cups of clay filled with tarlipta-drink."
31.4. Call by name

In the Hittite expression meaning "call by name," the word meaning "name" is in the instrumental:

    n-asta   DINGIRMESH   hu:mandus   lamnit   halzai
    and-locatival   gods   all   by name (inst.)   he calls
    "And he calls all the gods by name."
31.5. Adverbs

Forms of the instrumental of some nouns are used adverbially to describe the manner in which action is performed.

    ZI-it   menahhanta   le:   kuedani   iyasi
    willfully (inst., lit. 'with soul')   towards   not   anyone   act
    "Do not act willfully towards anyone."

The adverb pangarit 'in large numbers, in force' is probably from the instrumental of an otherwise lost noun *pangar- 'large number'. Compare the verb derived from this noun pangariya- 'become widespread':

    nu-mu   LÚKÚRHI.A   SHA   KUR   Alasiya   pangarit   zahhiya   wet
    and-me   enemy   of   country   Alasiya   in force   for battle   came
    "The Alasiyan enemy came against me in large numbers for battle."

The word nakkit 'by force' is from the instrumental of nakki- 'heavy, important'.

    nu   URUNe:san   ispandi   nakkit   da:s
    and   Nesa   in the night   by force   I took
    "And I took Nesa in the night by force."
31.6. Ablative

In texts written after the earliest period, the ablative gradually takes over the function of the instrumental:

    URU-an   zahhiyaz   katta dahhun
    the city   with battle   I conquered
    "I conquered the city in (or 'with') a battle (abl.)."
32. T-Stem Nouns

Hittite nouns with stems in final -t- are normally animate, though, depending on meaning, they may make collective plurals. For example, the noun aniyatt- 'equipment' makes the plural aniyatta. Some nouns in stem-final -t seem to be archaic. However, there is also a class of abstract nouns in -att-, such as aniyatt- from aniya- 'work, do', made from verbal stems. The nominative singular, which is a combination of the stem-final -t plus the animate ending -s is spelled -za or -az. The paradigms of kutt- 'wall', ka:st- 'hunger' and the abstract nahsaratt- 'fear' beside nahsariya- 'be afraid, become afraid' are illustrative:

Singular                    
nom.   ku:zza       ka:sza       nahsaraz, nahsaraza
acc.   kutt-an       ga:st-an       nahsaradd-an
gen.   kutt-as               *nahsaratt-as
dat./loc   kutt-i       ka:st-i       nahsaratt-i
abl.   kutt-az       *ka:st-az       nahsaratt-aza
inst.           ka:st-it        
Plural                    
nom.   kutt-es               nahsaratt-es
acc.   kudd-us               nahsarradd-us
gen.   *kutt-as               nahsaratt-as
dat./loc.   kutt-as               nahsaratt-as
33. Adverbial Temporal Clauses

Hittite makes adverbial subordinate clauses indicating the time when something happened using several different conjunctions. Since each of the conjunctions used also has non-temporal meanings, for example introducing conditional or comparative clauses, clauses indicating time are recognized in context. The conjunctions ma:n, ma:hhan, and kuwa:pi are to be translated as 'when' or 'as soon as', but kuitman seems closer in meaning to English 'while' or 'until'. Ma:n and ma:hhan are usually first in their clauses, while the placement of kuwa:pi seems somewhat more flexible.

33.1. Adverbial Clauses with ma:n 'when'

Adverbial time clauses with the conjunction ma:n are found in the earliest texts and in copies of early texts, suggesting both that ma:n is one of the earliest conjunctions used to introduce time clauses and that it fell out of use after the earliest period. The following is from the Old Hittite "Legend of the Queen of Kanesh."

    ma:n   MUHI.A   istarna   pa:er        
    when   years   meanwhile   went        
    nu   MUNUS.LUGAL   namma   30   MUNUS.DUMU   ha:sta
    and   queen   moreover   thirty   daughters   gave birth to
    "When the years meanwhile passed by, the queen, in addition, gave birth to thirty daughters."

In this sentence from the "Proclamation of Telepenus," the use of ma:n can be contrasted with the use of the conjunctions ma:hhan and kuwa:pi in the "Annals of Mursilis" below:

    ma:an-san   MTelepenus   INA   GISHGU-za   ABI-YA   e:shat
    when-locatival   Telepenus   on   throne   of-father-my   sat
    nu   URUHassuwa   lahha   pa:un        
    and   Hassuwa   on campaign   I went        
    "When I, Telepenus, seated myself upon the throne of my father, I went on a military campaign to Hassuwa."
33.2. Adverbial Clauses with ma:hhan 'when'

Clauses of time with the conjunction ma:hhan are first attested slightly later than those with ma:n. Possibly ma:hhan could introduce time clauses in the earliest Hittite, and our lack of examples from the earliest period is accidental. It is also possible, however, that ma:hhan may have replaced ma:n in this function fairly early. Unlike the clauses with ma:n, clauses with ma:hhan are common.

    mahhan-ta   ka:s   tuppianza   anda wemiyazzi    
    as soon as-you   this   tablet   reaches    
    nu   MAHAR   DUTUSHI   liliwanuwanzi   u:nni
    and   before   my majesty   in a hurry   drive
    "As soon as this tablet reaches you, travel in a hurry to my majesty."
                     
    mahhan-ma   hameshanza   kisat   man   INA   KUR   (URU)Azzi
    when-but   spring   became   [irrealis]   into   country   of Azzi
    taninumanzi   pa:un                    
    to restore order   I went                    
    "But as soon as it became spring, I would have gone into the land of Azzi to restore order."

In texts from the period of the Hittite Empire, ma:hhan is often written with the Sumerogram GIM plus the phonetic complement -an:

    GIM-an-ma   ABU-YA   BA.USH   SHESH-YA-ma-za-kan
    when-but   father-my   died   brother-my-but-reflexive-locatival
    ANA   GISHGU.ZA   ABI-SHU   e:sat
    on   throne   father-his   seated himself
    "But when my father died, my brother seated himself on the throne of his father."
33.3. Adverbial Clauses with kuwa:pi 'when'

The relative adverb kuwa:pi, which usually means 'where', can also be used to signal adverbial clauses of time. In the following sentence, the conjunction is to be understood as introducing two clauses "when my father was fighting with Urhi-Tessup" and "and (when) he deposed him from kingship":

    ABU-YA   kuwapi   MHattusilis   ANA   MÚrhitessupas
    father-my   when   Hattusilis   with   Urhitessup
    DUMU   MMu:wattalli   menahhanda   kururiahta    
    son   Muwattallis   against   started fighting    
    n-an   LUGAL-iznanni   arha tittanut        
    and-him   from kingship   deposed        
    ANA   M.DLAMMMA-ma-kan   wastul   U:L kuitki   a:sta
    to   Kurunta-but-locatival   blame   not any   remained
    "When my father, Hattusilis, began fighting with Urhi-Tessup, son of Muwattallis, and deposed him from kingship, no fault attached to (lit. 'remained with') Kurunta."

The following two sentences from the "Annals of Mursilis" suggest that, in introducing time clauses, ma:hhan and kuwa:pi were essentially synonyms.

    mahhan-ma-za-kan   DUTUSHI                
    when-but-reflexive-locatival   my majesty                
    ANA   GISHGU.ZA   ABI-YA   e:shat        
    on   throne   father-my   seated myself        
    nu-mu   arahzenas   KUR.KUR   LÚKÚR   kuye:s   ku:ruriyahhir
    then-on-me   surrounding   lands   hostile   that   made war
    "But when (I), my majesty, had seated himself on the throne of my father, the surrounding hostile lands that had made war on me..."
                         
    nu-za-kan   ANA   GISHGU.ZA   ABI-YA   kuwapi
    and-reflexive-locatival   on   throne   father-my   when
    e:shat   nu-za   ke:   arahzenas   KUR.KURMESH
    seated myself   and-reflexive   these   surrounding   lands
    LÚKÚR   INA   MU.10.KAM   tarhhun    
    hostile   in   ten years   I defeated    
    "When I had seated myself on the throne of my father, I defeated these surrounding enemy lands in ten years."
33.4. Adverbial Clauses with kuitman 'while, until'

The conjunction kuitman, as noted above, means 'while' or 'until'. It is generally used to signal adverbial clauses that indicate action taking place in the background of some other action, for example:

    nu-za   kuitman   nu:wa   DUMU-as   esun
    and-reflexive   while   still   child   I was
    SHA   KUSHKA.TAB.ANSHE-za   esun        
    of   donkey   I was        
    "And while I was still a child, I was foolish."
    kue:tman-ma   MUNUS.SHU.GI   ke:das   kezzi    
    While-but   old woman   these   from there    
    EGIR-an-ma-ssan   ÍD-i   peran        
    in her absence-but-locatival   river   beside        
    GISHZA.LAM.GARHI.A   SHA   GI   karu:   iyanta
    tents   of   reed   already   made
    "But while the 'old woman' is getting these (things), from there, in (her) absence, beside the river, tents of reeds have already been made."

The following passage from the Law Code, which specifies the restitution someone is to make for injuring someone else, illustrates a contrast between kuitman 'until' and ma:n 'when':

    nu   Éri-ssi   anniskezzi   kuitm:an-as   la:zziatta
    and   in-house-his   he keeps working   until-he   recovers
    ma:n-as   la:zziatta-ma            
    when-he   recovers-but            
    nu-ssi   6   GÍN   KÙ.BABBAR   pa:i
    then-to-him   six   shekels   silver   he gives
    "He (a substitute worker provided by the offender) keeps working in his (the victim's) house until he recovers. But when he recovers, he (the offender) gives him six shekels of silver."

When used with the negative adverb na:wi 'not yet', kuitman means 'before', or literally "while ...as not yet ...":

    nu   nekuz mehur   kuitman-kan   DUTU-us   na:wi   u:pzi
    and   in the night time   while-locatival   sun   not yet   rises
    "And during the night, before the sun arises..."
                         
    kuitman   gimmanza   na:wi   zinnattat
    while   winter   not yet   ended
    "Before winter had ended..."
34. The emphasizing particle -pat

The function of -pat is to emphasize, define, specify, or limit the element within the sentence to which it is attached. It may be attached to virtually any part of speech or to entire clauses. It is not part of the enclitic chain; indeed if a chain of enclitics is attached to a word to which -pat is also attached, the particle -pat precedes the enclitic chain (cf. ammel-pat-wa-za or aki-pat-ssan below).

34.1. Previous mention

A common use of -pat is to refer back to an item or action that has been mentioned immediately before. It can often be translated as 'the very' (noun), 'the same', or 'the very same':

    A.BU-YA-nnas-za   MMurslis   4   DUMUMESH   ...   hasta
    father-my-us-reflexive   Mursilis   four   children   ...   fathered
    humandas-pat   EGIR-izzis   DUMU-as   esun        
    of-all-very   last   child   I was        
    "My father, Mursilis, fathered us four children ... (and) I was the very last (i.e., 'the youngest') of all the children."
                         
    n-as   seszi   kuwapi   nu-za-kan
    and-he   sleeps   where   and-reflexive
    apiya-pat   warpzi        
    in the place-very-same   he bathes        
    "And he sleeps in the very same place where he bathes."
                 
    EGIR-pa-ma-as   kuwapi   wezzi   n-as
    back-but-he   when   goes   and-he
    a:ppa-ya-pat   apu:n   KASKAL-an   wezzi
    back-and-very   that   route   he goes
    "But when he returns, he also returns by the very same route as before."
34.2. Reflexive, etc.

When attached to a noun, -pat may add the sense of a reflexive pronoun or it may be translated by 'own' or 'only':

    MMadduwattas-pat   nekumanza   isparzasta
    Madduwattas-himself   naked   escaped
    "Madduwattas himself escaped naked."
    ammel-pat-wa-za   GU4   dahhi
    my-own-quotative-reflexive   ox   I take
    "I will take my own ox."
    nu   suma:s   DINGIRMESH-as   URUHattusas-pat
    and   for you   gods   Hatti-only
    handa:n   parkui   KUR-e    
    true   pure   land    
    "Only Hatti is a true, pure land for you, gods."
34.3. Clauses

When -pat modifies a clause, it can have meanings such as "in addition, instead, rather, even though," and "surely," or "certainly":

    namma   tuzziyas-mis   hwettiyanun-pat
    then   army-my   drew up-in addition
    "Then, in addition, I drew up my army."
             
    n-as   KUR   URUHattusi   U:L   hu:isuwezzi
    and-he   land   Hattusas   not   lives
    aki-pat-ssan                
    he dies-instead-locatival                
    "He will not go on living in Hattusas; instead, he will die there."
                     
    nu-mu   kappin-pat   DUMU-an   DISHTAR   URUSamuha
    and-me   small-although   child   Ishtar   Samuha
    ANA   ABU-YA   we:kta        
    dative   father-my   demanded        
    "Even though I was a small child, Ishtar of Samuha demanded me from my father."
                     
    n-at   akkandu-pat
    and-they   die-surely
    "And they shall surely die."
         
    n-an-kan   U:L-pat   wahnunun
    and-it-locatival   not-certainly   I turned
    "And certainly I did not alter it (a tablet)."

This sentence has the irrealis particle man used to express a wish of the speaker, and -pat used to emphasize the wish:

    iyami-man-pat-wa   kuitki
    I do irrealis-surely-quotative   something
    "I certainly would like to do something."
35. Coordinating Conjunctions

Hittite has a number of both independent words and enclitics that may be used to conjoin sentences, clauses, phrases, and words.

35.1. Nu

The loosest sort of connection between clauses is signaled by the sentence-initial particle nu, and, indeed, the translation of nu often depends as much upon the interpretation of individual readers of the logical relationship between sentences or clauses as it does on outside evidence. In translating a Hittite text into idiomatic English, it is often neither necessary nor desirable to translate nu, and it has, in fact, been suggested that nu is often used as a more or less empty prop to which clause-initial enclitics are attached. Nu was not the only sentence-initial connective in Hittite, In early texts, it is found beside the rarer su and ta, which also take the clause-initial enclitics, and which presumably shared functions with nu, but su and ta were eventually eliminated from the language. In texts from the Empire period, nu very frequently begins sentences, though by no means all sentences begin with nu.

Nu may begin an independent sentence following another independent sentence, and its function in such sequences is similar to that of English and as a connector of independent sentences:

    nu-war-an   ammuk   para: pa:i
    and-quotative-him   to me   give
    nu-war-as-mu   sankunis   e:sdu
    and-quotative-he-to-me   priest   let him be
    "Give him to me, (and) he will be my priest."

The particle may occur at the beginning of a clause that describes action that follows the action of the initial clause temporally or action that is the logical result of the action of the initial clause, and in such sequences, it may be translated as 'then' or 'so'. Again, nu should be considered a coordinating conjunction in such sequences of sentences.

    nu-mu   apppatar   hatra:ttin   nu   seggalu
    and-to-me   receipt   write   so   I may know
    "Write me a receipt, so that I may know."

In some sequences of independent sentences, nu may have a mildly adversative sense and can be translated by 'but':

    ma:n-us-kan   MHuzziyas   kuenta   nu   uttar   isduwa:ti
    irrealis-them-locatival   Huzziyas   killed   but   plan   became known
    "Huzziyas would have killed them, but the plan became known."
                         
    man   INA   URUHayasa   pa:un-pat
    irrealis   into   Hayasa   I went-also
    nu-za   MU.KAM-za   ser te:paue:ssanza    
    and-reflexive   year   had become short    
    "I would also have gone to Hayasa (to attack it), but the year had become short."

Nu may also be used to connect clauses clauses that amplify or qualify dependent temporal, result, or relative clauses:

    ma:an-san   MTelepenus   INA   GISHGU-za   ABI-YA   e:shat
    when-locatival   Telepenus   on   throne   father-my   sat
    nu   URUHassuwa   lahh   pa:un        
    and   Hassuwa   on campaign   I went        
    "When I, Telepenus, seated myself upon the throne of my father, then I went on a military campaign to Hassuwa."
                         
    kuis   ammel   a:ppan   LUGAL-us   ki:sari
    who   me   after   king   becomes
    nu   URUHattus-an   a:ppa   asasi    
    and   Hattusas   again   settles    
    n-an   nepisas   DISHKUR-as   hazziettu    
    and-him   of heaven   the Stormgod   let him smite    
    "Whoever becomes king after me and settles Hattusas again, may the Stormgod of Heaven smite him!"
35.2. namma 'when'

The adverbial conjunction namma, 'then', 'next', 'moreover' or 'furthermore', can have the effect of indicating that one action follows closely upon another, or that action is being resumed. It often, though not inevitably, comes at the beginning of a clause or sentence, indicating the resumption or continuation of some action. It may also introduce the end of an on-going activity, having a meaning something like 'finally'. Like its English counterparts, it does not begin texts, but it may be used to begin a paragraph within a text, indicating a connection with the previous paragraph. The following sentences from the "Ritual of Tuwananni" follow a spell which the ritual practioner recites and indicate that she is now performing further actions designed to benefit the patient:

    namma   wappuwas   IM-an   da:i
    moreover   of the spring   clay   she takes
    namma-as   sakuniya   paizzi    
    moreover-she   to the spring   goes    
    "Moreover, she takes clay of the river bank (and), moreover, she goes to the spring."

Namma may also be used to indicate a series of consecutive actions:

    namma   LÚKUR   ispandaza   anda ari
    Then   enemy   by night   arrived
    namma-as   arha sarrattari        
    then-they   split up        
    "Then the enemy arrived by night and (then they) split up."

It may follow a sentence particle such as nu with or without attached enclitics. In this sentence, the nominative enclitic personal pronoun is necessary, because the verb is an intransitive verb that requires an explicit subject:

    n-as   namma   aruni   zahhiya   pait
    and-he   then   to the sea   to battle   went
    "Then he went to the sea to battle."
35.3. nasma and nassu 'or'

The conjunctions nasma and nassu, both of which mean 'or' or 'either', are disjunctive in force. They may be used to contrast clauses, for example:

    nu-ssi-kan   É   ABI-SHU   arha danzi    
    and-to-him-locatival   estate   father-his   take away    
    n-at   nassu   dame:dani   kuedanikki   pianzi
    and-it   either   to another   to anyone   they give
    nasma-at   INA   É.GAL   danzi    
    or-it   for   palace   they take    
    "They take his father's estate from him and either give it to someone else or take it for palace (i.e. confiscate it for the palace's use)."

nasma and nassu are also used to oppose elements within a phrase:

    takku   LÚ-an   nasma   MUNUS-an   sullanaz   kuiski   kuenzi
    if   man   or   woman   quarrel   someone   kills
    "If someone kills a man or a woman as the result of a quarrel."
                             
    takku   ÌR-as   nasma   GEME-as   huwa:i
    if   male slave   or   female slave   runs
    "If (either) a male slave or a female slave runs away..."

The particle m:an may be used as a conjunction in the sense 'whether':

    ma:n   hargae:s   ma:n   dankuwae:s   U:L kuitki   duqqa:ri
    whether   white   or whether   black   not at all   is important
    "Whether (the rams) are white or black is not at all important."