Hittite Online

Lesson 7

Sara E. Kimball, Winfred P. Lehmann, and Jonathan Slocum

Reading and Textual Analysis

Lesson Text

Translation

Grammar

31. The Instrumental

32. T-Stem Nouns

33. Adverbial Temporal Clauses

31.1. Causation

31.2. Containment

31.3. Verbs meaning "fill"

31.4. Call by name

31.5. Adverbs

31.6. Ablative

33.1. Adverbial Clauses with mān 'when'

33.2. Adverbial Clauses with māhhan 'when'

33.3. Adverbial Clauses with kuwāpi 'when'

Wordmarks for UT and College of Liberal Arts

Winfred P. Lehmann, Director :: PCL 5.112, 1 University Station S5490 :: Austin, TX 78712 :: 512-471-4566

The bronze tablet introduced here, containing the state treaty of Tuthalijas IV, circa 1260-1240 B.C., was found in Boğazköy in 1986. It provides an excellent example of such treaties as well as information on the state of the Hittite Empire at the time. After noting that his father, Hattušiliš III (circa 1283-1260 B.C.) had deposed Urhi-Teššup (circa 1285-1283), the son of Muwattalliš (circa 1313-1285), it absolves his second son, Kurunta, of any blame and permits him to maintain his position as king in the southern land of Tarhuntašša. In addition it goes on at length to specify the boundaries of that land in detail. The third paragraph here indicates that Tuthalijaš has continued the arrangement after the godhead accepted him and he became king. The find is especially interesting in that it states specifically that the tablet was produced for such a purpose.

Among the interests in the treaty is the basis for the favoring of Kurunta. As noted in the first paragraph presented here, Muwattališ had given Kurunta to Hattušiliš to raise. There may then have been a brotherly relation between him and Tuthalijaš. But while he maintains fraternal arrangements with Kurunta, Tuthalijaš states clearly in further sections of the treaty that he has authority over him so that he will protect him and his descendants in his small land, as will also the descendants of Tuthalija in the future. Moreover, Kurunta has limitations as well as responsibilities. Hattušiliš had deprived him of cavalry, so that in the future as well he will have only the obligation to provide foot soldiers for the king of Hatti is he is attacked or if he sets out to attack others; but will not be required to provide garrisons. That is to say, all the provisions that had been arranged previously will be maintained. In the concluding sections a long list of gods and goddesses is recorded as witnesses to the treaty. It is concluded with the statement that the scribe producing the tablet, Halwaziti, has written it for or in the presence of the son of the king as well as numerous other notable royals.

2 - A-BU-YA ku-wa-pi ^MHa-at-tu-si-li-is A-NA ^MÚR-hi-te-es-su-up-as DUMU ^MMu-u-wa-at-ta-al-li me-na-ah-ha-an-da ku-ru-ri-ah-ta na-an LUGAL-iz-na-an-ni ar-ha ti-it-ta-nu-ut A-NA ^M ^DLAMMA-ma-kan wa-as-tul Ú-UL ku-it-ki a-as-ta

A-BU-YA -- noun; Akkadogram functioning here as nominative singular of <ABU> father + Akkadian enclitic possessive pronoun; 1st person singular <-YA> my -- my father
ku-wa-pi -- conjunction; <kuwāpi> when, where -- when
^MHa-at-tu-si-li-is -- proper noun; nominative singular animate of <Hattusili-> Hattusilis -- Hattusilis
A-NA -- preposition; Akkadogram <ANA> (functioning as graphic indicator of the dative) -- ...
^MÚr-hi-te-es-su-up-as -- proper noun; nominative singular of <Urhi-Tesupa-> Urhi-Teshup -- Urhi-Teshup # The nominative here is probably a mistake for the dative.
DUMU -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as dative singular <DUMU> son, child -- son
^MMu-u-wa-at-ta-al-li -- noun; stem form functioning here as genitive singular of <Muwattalli-> Muwattallis -- of Muwattallis
me-na-ah-ha-an-da -- postposition; <mēnahhanda> facing, opposite -- against
ku-ru-ri-ah-ta -- verb; 3rd person singular preterite of mi-conjugation <kururiyahh-> make war, revolt -- revolted
na-an -- sentence particle; <nu> and + enclitic personal pronoun; 3rd person singular accusative animate of <-an> him, her, it -- him
LUGAL-iz-na-an-ni -- noun; Sumerogram <LUGAL> king + Hittite phonetic complement <-iznānni> (indicating dative singular) -- kingship
ar-ha ti-it-ta-nu-ut -- verb; 3rd person singular preterite of <arha tittanu-> depose -- deposed from
A-NA -- preposition; Akkadogram <A-NA> (functioning as graphic indicator of the dative-locative) -- to
^M ^DLAMMA-ma-kan -- proper noun; Sumerogram functioning here as dative-locative singular <^DLAMMA> Kuruntas + enclitic conjunction <-ma> but, and + locatival particle <-kan> (indicating downward motion) -- Kuruntas
wa-as-tul -- noun; nominative singular of <wastul> sin, fault, blame -- blame
Ú-UL ku-it-ki -- adverb; Akkadian negative <ŪL> not + indefinite pronoun; nominative singular neuter of <kuisk-> any/some one/thing -- none whatsoever
a-as-ta -- verb; 3rd person singular preterite of mi-conjugation <āss-> remain -- was attached

^LÚMEŠ ^URUHa-at-ti ku-it im-ma ku-it wa-as-ti-ir ^M ^DLAMMA-as-ma-kan Ú-UL ku-wa-ap-pi-ki an-da e-es-ta

^LÚMEŠ -- noun; Sumerogram <LÚ> man, person + Sumerian plural marker <-MEŠ>... -- The people
^URUHa-at-ti -- proper noun; stem form functioning here as genitive singular <Hatti> Hatti -- of Hatti
ku-it im-ma ku-it -- adverb; <kuit imma kuit> however -- however
wa-as-ti-ir -- verb; 3rd person plural preterite of hi-conjugation <wasta-> sin, err -- were at fault
^M ^DLAMMA-as-ma-kan -- proper noun; Sumerogram <^DLAMMA> Kuruntas + Hittite phonetic complement <-as> (indicating nominative singular animate) + enclitic conjunction <-ma> but, and + locatival particle <-kan> (indicating downward motion) -- but Kuruntas
Ú-UL ku-wa-ap-pi-ki -- adverb; <natta kuwappiki> in no way whatsoever -- in no way whatsoever
an-da e-es-ta -- verb; 3rd person singular preterite of mi-conjugation <anda ēs-> be in -- was in

an-ni-sa-an-pat-an ^MNIR.GÁL-is LUGAL-us A-NA A-BU-YA ^MHa-at-tu-si-li sal-la-nu-um-ma-an-zi pi-ya-an har-ta na-an an-ni-sa-an-pat A-BU-YA sal-la-nu-us-ke-et

an-ni-sa-an-pat-an -- adverb; <anissan> previously + emphasizing particle <-pat>... + enclitic personal pronoun; 3rd person accusative singular animate of <-an> him, her, it -- already before
^MNIR.GÁL-is -- proper noun; Sumerogram <NIR.GÁL> strength + Hittite phonetic complement <-is> (functioning here as nominative singular animate) -- Muwattallis # This is a rebus-like spelling. The Sumerian adjective NIR.GÁL 'strong' was read in Hittite and Luvian as muwa- 'strength, vitality'.
LUGAL-us -- noun; Sumerogram <LUGAL> king + Hittite phonetic complement <-us> (indicating nominative singular animate) -- the king
A-NA -- preposition; Akkadogram <A-NA> (functioning as graphic indicator of the dative-locative) -- to
A-BU-YA -- noun; Akkadogram functioning here as dative singular of <ABU> father + Akkadian enclitic possessive pronoun; 1st person singular <-YA> my -- to my father
^MHa-at-tu-si-li -- proper noun; stem form functioning here as dative singular of <Hattusili-> Hattusilis -- Hattusilis
sal-la-nu-um-ma-an-zi -- verb; infinitive of mi-conjugation <sallanu-> raise, rear -- to raise
pi-ya-an har-ta -- verb participle; accusative singular neuter of hi-conjugation <pāi-, piya-> give + 3rd person singular preterite of mi-conjugation <har-, hark-> have, hold -- had handed over
na-an -- sentence particle; <nu> and + enclitic personal pronoun; 3rd person singular accusative animate of <-an> him, her, it -- him
an-ni-sa-an-pat -- adverb; <anissan> previously + emphasizing particle <-pat>... -- already before
A-BU-YA -- noun; Akkadogram functioning here as nominative singular of <ABU> father + Akkadian enclitic possessive pronoun; 1st person singular <-YA> my -- my father
sal-la-nu-us-ke-et -- verb; iterative 3rd person singular preterite of mi-conjugation <sallanu-> raise, rear -- had raised

3 - ma-ah-ha-an-ma A-BU-YA ^MÚR-hi-te-es-su-pa-an LUGAL-iz-na-ni ar-ha ti-it-ta-nu-ut ^M ^DLAMMA-an-ma A-BU-YA da-a-as na-an I-NA KUR ^URU ^DU-ta-as-sa LUGAL-iz-na-an-ni ti-it-ta-nu-ut

ma-ah-ha-an-ma -- conjunction; <mahhan> as, how, when + enclitic conjunction <-ma> but, and -- but when
A-BU-YA -- noun; Akkadogram functioning here as nominative singular of <ABU> father + Akkadian enclitic possessive pronoun; 1st person singular <-YA> my -- my father
^MÚr-hi-te-es-su-pa-an -- proper noun; accusative singular of <Urhi-Tesupa-> Urhi-Teshup -- Urhi-Teshup
LUGAL-iz-na-ni -- noun; Sumerogram <LUGAL> king + Hittite phonetic complement <-iznānni> (indicating dative singular) -- kingship
ar-ha ti-it-ta-nu-ut -- verb; 3rd person singular preterite of <arha tittanu-> depose -- deposed... from
^M ^DLAMMA-an-ma -- proper noun; Sumerogram <^DLAMMA> Kuruntas + Hittite phonetic complement <-an> (indicating accusative singular animate) + enclitic conjunction <-ma> but, and -- but Kuruntas
A-BU-YA -- noun; Akkadogram functioning here as nominative singular of <ABU> father + Akkadian enclitic possessive pronoun; 1st person singular <-YA> my -- my father
da-a-as -- verb; 3rd person singular preterite of hi-conjugation <dā-> take -- took
na-an -- sentence particle; <nu> and + enclitic personal pronoun; 3rd person singular accusative animate of <-an> him, her, it -- him
I-NA -- preposition; Akkadogram <INA> (functioning as graphic indicator of the dative-locative) -- to
KUR -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as dative-locative singular <KUR> land, territory -- in the country
^URU ^DU-ta-as-sa -- proper noun; stem form functioning here as dative-locative <^DUtassa> Tarhuntassas -- of Tarhuntassas # The Sumerogram ^DU was read as Tarhunt-, the Luvian name for the Stormgod.
LUGAL-iz-na-an-ni -- noun; Sumerogram <LUGAL> king + Hittite phonetic complement <-iznānni> (indicating dative singular) -- in kingship
ti-it-ta-nu-ut -- verb; 3rd person singular preterite of mi-conjugation <tittanu-> appoint, establish -- established

nu-us-si A-BU-YA ku-it is-hi-ú-ul i-ya-at ZAG^MEŠ-is-si ma-ah-ha-an da-is nu-us-si A-BU-YA TUP-PA^HI.A RI-KIL-TI i-ya-at

nu-us-si -- sentence particle; <nu> and + enclitic personal pronoun; 3rd person singular dative <-ssi> he, she, it -- with him
A-BU-YA -- noun; Akkadogram functioning here as nominative singular of <ABU> father + Akkadian enclitic possessive pronoun; 1st person singular <-YA> my -- my father
ku-it -- relative pronoun; accusative singular neuter of <kui-> that, which, who -- that
is-hi-ú-ul -- noun; accusative singular neuter of <ishiūl> treaty -- treaty
i-ya-at -- verb; 3rd person singular preterite of mi-conjugation <iya-> do, make -- made
ZAG^MEŠ-is-si -- noun; Sumerogram <ZAG> border, boundary + Sumerian plural marker <-MEŠ>... + enclitic personal pronoun; 3rd person singular dative <-ssi> he, she, it -- borders for him
ma-ah-ha-an -- conjunction; <mahhan> as, how, when -- how
da-is -- verb; 3rd person singular preterite of hi-conjugation <dāi-, tiya-> place, put -- established
nu-us-si -- sentence particle; <nu> and + enclitic personal pronoun; 3rd person singular dative <-ssi> he, she, it -- for him
A-BU-YA -- noun; Akkadogram functioning here as nominative singular of <ABU> father + Akkadian enclitic possessive pronoun; 1st person singular <-YA> my -- my father
TUP-PA^HI.A -- noun; Akkadogram functioning here as accusative singular of <TUPPU> tablet + Sumerian plural marker <-HI.A>... -- tablets
RI-KIL-TI -- noun; Akkadogram functioning here as genitive singular of <RIKILTU> treaty -- treaty
i-ya-at -- verb; 3rd person singular preterite of mi-conjugation <iya-> do, make -- made

na-at ^M ^DLAMMA-as har-zi

na-at -- sentence particle; <nu> and + enclitic personal pronoun; 3rd person plural accusative neuter <-at> he, she, it -- them
^M ^DLAMMA-as -- proper noun; Sumerogram <^DLAMMA> Kuruntas + Hittite phonetic complement <-as> (indicating nominative singular animate) -- Kuruntas
har-zi -- verb; 3rd person singular present of hi-conjugation <har-, hark-> have, hold, -- possesses # In other words, a copy of the earlier treaty was in Kuruntas's possession.

ZAG^MEŠ-ma-as-si ki-is-sa-an ti-ya-an-te-es IŠ-TU KUR ^URUPi-ta-as-sa-at-ta ^HUR.SAGHa-u-wa-a-as `kan-ta-an-na ^URUZa-ar-ni-ya-as ^URUSa-na-an-tar-wa-as ZAG-as ^URUZa-ar-ni-ya-a-as-ma-kan `kan-ta-an-na I-NA KUR ^ÍDHu-u-la-ya a-as-sa-an ^URUSa-na-an-tar-wa-as-ma-kan I-NA KUR ^URUPi-ta-as-sa a-as-sa-an-zi

ZAG^MEŠ-ma-as-si -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as accusative <ZAG> border, boundary + Sumerian plural marker <-MEŠ>... + enclitic conjunction <-ma> but, and + enclitic personal pronoun; 3rd person singular dative <-ssi> he, she, it -- borders for him
ki-is-sa-an -- adverb; <kissan> thus, as follows -- thus
ti-ya-an-te-es -- verb participle; nominative plural animate of hi-conjugation <dāi-, tiya-> place, put -- are established
IŠ-TU -- preposition; Akkadogram <IŠTU> (functioning as graphic indicator of the ablative) -- from
KUR -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as ablative singular <KUR> land, territory -- the town
^URUPi-ta-as-sa-at-ta -- proper noun; stem form functioning here as ablative singular <Pitassa-> Pitassas + enclitic personal pronoun; 2nd person singular dative <-tta> you -- Pitassas
^HUR.SAGHa-u-wa-a-as -- noun; Sumerogram <HUR.SAG> mountain + proper noun; stem form functioning here as nominative singular animate <Hauwā-> Hauwas -- Mt. Hauwas
`kan-ta-an-na -- noun; nominative plural animate of <kantanna> Kantana -- the Kantana # Apparently a kantanna was a topographical feature associated with cities and mountains. Its meaning, however, is otherwise unclear.
^URUZa-ar-ni-ya-as -- proper noun; genitive singular of <Zarniyāsa-> Zarniyas -- Zarniyas
^URUSa-na-an-tar-wa-as -- proper noun; nominative singular of <Sanantarwa-> Sanantarwas -- Sanantarwas
ZAG-as -- noun; Sumerogram <ZAG> border, boundary + Hittite phonetic complement <-as> (indicating nominative singular) -- borders
^URUZa-ar-ni-ya-a-as-ma-kan -- proper noun; genitive singular of <Zarniyāsa-> Zarniyas + enclitic conjunction <-ma> but, and + locatival particle <-kan> (indicating downward motion) -- Zarniyas
`kan-ta-an-na -- noun; nominative plural animate of <kantanna> Kantana -- the Kantana
I-NA -- preposition; Akkadogram <INA> (functioning as graphic indicator of the dative) -- to
KUR -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as dative <KUR> land, territory -- the country
^ÍDHu-u-la-ya -- proper noun; stem form functioning here as dative <Hūlaya> Hulaya river -- the river Hulaya # The determinative ÍD normally precedes the names of rivers.
a-as-sa-an -- verb participle; nominative singular neuter of mi-conjugation <āss-> remain -- remaining
^URUSa-na-an-tar-wa-as-ma-kan -- proper noun; nominative singular of <Sanantarwa-> Sanantarwas + enclitic conjunction <-ma> but, and + locatival particle <-kan> (indicating downward motion) -- but the town of Sanantarwas
I-NA -- preposition; Akkadogram <INA> (functioning as graphic indicator of the dative) -- to
KUR -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as dative singular <KUR> land, territory -- the town
^URUPi-ta-as-sa -- proper noun; stem form functioning here as dative singular <Pitassa-> Pitassas -- Pitassas
a-as-sa-an-zi -- verb; 3rd person plural present of mi-conjugation <āss-> remain -- remain

4 - IŠ-TU KUR ^URUPi-it-as-sa-ma-as-si an-na-az ^URUNa-ah-ha-an-ta-as ZAG-as e-es-ta

IŠ-TU -- preposition; Akkadogram <IŠTU> (functioning as graphic indicator of the ablative) -- from
KUR -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as ablative singular <KUR> land, territory -- the town
^URUPi-it-as-sa-ma-as-si -- proper noun; stem form functioning here as ablative <Pitassa-> Pitassas + enclitic conjunction <-ma> but, and + enclitic personal pronoun; 3rd person singular dative <-ssi> he, she, it -- Pitassas for him
an-na-az -- adverb; <annaz> previously -- previously
^URUNa-ah-ha-an-ta-as -- proper noun; nominative singular of <Nahhanta-> Nahhantas -- the town of Nahhantas
ZAG-as -- noun; Sumerogram <ZAG> border, boundary + Hittite phonetic complement <-as> (indicating nominative singular) -- the border
e-es-ta -- verb; 3rd person singular preterite of mi-conjugation <ēs-> be -- was

nu-kan A-NA TUP-PI RI-KIL-TI ŠA A-BU-YA ^DKASKAL.KUR ^URUA-ri-im-ma-at-ta ZAG-as i-ya-an-za ki-nu-na-as-si ^DUTU^ŠI an-na-al-li-in ZAG EGIR-pa te-eh-hu-un

nu-kan -- sentence particle; <nu> and + locatival particle <-kan> (indicating downward motion) -- and
A-NA -- preposition; Akkadogram <ANA> (functioning as graphic indicator of the dative-locative) -- on
TUP-PI -- noun; Akkadogram functioning here as dative-locative singular <TUPPI> tablet -- the... tablet
RI-KIL-TI -- noun; Akkadogram functioning here as genitive singular of <RIKILTU> treaty -- treaty
ŠA -- preposition; Akkadogram <ŠA> (functioning as graphic indicator of the genitive) -- of
A-BU-YA -- noun; Akkadogram functioning here as genitive singular of <ABU> father + Akkadian enclitic possessive pronoun; 1st person singular <-YA> my -- my father
^DKASKAL.KUR -- noun; functioning here as nominative singular <^DKASKAL.KUR> river source -- the river source
^URUA-ri-im-ma-at-ta -- proper noun; stem form functioning here as genitive singular of <Arimatta-> Arimattas -- of Arimattas
ZAG-as -- noun; Sumerogram <ZAG> border, boundary + Hittite phonetic complement <-as> (indicating nominative singular) -- the border
i-ya-an-za -- verb participle; nominative singular animate of mi-conjugation <iya-> do, make -- was made
ki-nu-na-as-si -- adverb; <kinuna> now + enclitic personal pronoun; 3rd person singular dative <-ssi> he, she, it -- now for him
^DUTU^ŠI -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as nominative singular animate <^DUTU^ŠI> my majesty -- my majesty
an-na-al-li-in -- adjective; accusative singular animate of <annalli-> old, previous -- previous
ZAG -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as accusative singular <ZAG> border, boundary -- the... border
EGIR-pa te-eh-hu-un -- verb; 1st person singular preterite of <āppa dāi-, tiya-> re-establish -- I have re-established

nu-us-si IŠ-TU KUR ^URUPi-ta-as-sa IŠ-TU KUR ^URUA-ri-im-ma-at-ta ^URUNa-ah-ha-an-ta-as ^URUHa-ut-ta-as-sa-as-sa ZAG-as ^URUNa-ah-ha-an-ta-as-ma-kan ^URUHa-ut-ta-as-sa-as-sa I-NA KUR ^ÍDHu-u-la-ya a-as-sa-an-te-es

nu-us-si -- sentence particle; <nu> and + enclitic personal pronoun; 3rd person singular dative <-ssi> he, she, it -- for him
IŠ-TU -- preposition; Akkadogram <IŠTU> (functioning as graphic indicator of the ablative) -- from
KUR -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as ablative singular <KUR> land, territory -- the town
^URUPi-ta-as-sa -- proper noun; stem form functioning here as genitive singular <Pitassa-> Pitassas -- of Pitassas
IŠ-TU -- preposition; Akkadogram <IŠTU> (functioning as graphic indicator of the ablative) -- from
KUR -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as ablative singular <KUR> land, territory -- the town
^URUA-ri-im-ma-at-ta -- proper noun; stem form functioning here as ablative singular of <Arimatta-> Arimattas -- of Arimattas
^URUNa-ah-ha-an-ta-as -- proper noun; nominative singular of <Nahhanta-> Nahhantas -- of Nahhantas
^URUHa-ut-ta-as-sa-as-sa -- proper noun; nominative singular of <Hautassa-> Hautassas + enclitic conjunction <-a> and -- and of Hautassas
ZAG-as -- noun; Sumerogram <ZAG> border, boundary + Hittite phonetic complement <-as> (indicating nominative singular) -- the border
^URUNa-ah-ha-an-ta-as-ma-kan -- proper noun; nominative singular of <Nahhanta-> Nahhantas + enclitic conjunction <-ma> but, and + locatival particle <-kan> (indicating downward motion) -- but Nahhantas
^URUHa-ut-ta-as-sa-as-sa -- proper noun; nominative singular of <Hautassa-> Hautassas + enclitic conjunction <-a> and -- and Hautassas
I-NA -- preposition; Akkadogram <INA> (functioning as graphic indicator of the dative) -- to
KUR -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as dative <KUR> land, territory -- the land
^ÍDHu-u-la-ya -- proper noun; stem form functioning here as genitive <Hūlaya> Hulaya river -- of the river Hulaya
a-as-sa-an-te-es -- verb participle; nominative plural animate of mi-conjugation <āss-> remain -- are remaining

15 - ma-ah-ah-an-ma-za A-BU-YA ku-wa-pi DINGIR^LIM ki-sa-at nu KUR.KUR^HI.A ku-it a-ar-sa ti-ya-at

ma-ah-ah-an-ma-za -- conjunction; <mahhan> as, how, when + enclitic conjunction <-ma> but, and + enclitic reflexive particle <-za>... -- but
A-BU-YA -- noun; Akkadogram functioning here as nominative singular of <ABU> father + Akkadian enclitic possessive pronoun; 1st person singular <-YA> my -- my father
ku-wa-pi -- adverb; <kuwāpi> when, where -- when
DINGIR^LIM -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as nominative singular <DINGIR> god + Akkadian phonetic complement <-LIM> deity -- a god
ki-sa-at -- verb; 3rd person singular middle preterite of <kīs-> become, happen -- became # The idiom "to become a god" (i.e. "to die") is applied to Hittite kings. There is evidence from other texts that Hittite kings were treated as deified beings.
nu -- sentence particle; <nu> and -- ...
KUR.KUR^HI.A -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as nominative plural of <KUR.KUR> lands + Sumerian plural marker <-HI.A>... -- lands
ku-it -- relative pronoun; nominative singular neuter of <kui-> that, which, who -- whichever
a-ar-sa ti-ya-at -- verb; 3rd person singular preterite of mi-conjugation <ārsa tiya-> remain in waiting -- remained in waiting

^M ^DLAMMA-as-ma-mu a-pe-e-da-ni-ya me-e-hu-ni se-er ak-ta nu-mu pa-ah-ha-as-ta

^M ^DLAMMA-as-ma-mu -- proper noun; Sumerogram <^DLAMMA> Kuruntas + Hittite phonetic complement <-as> (indicating nominative singular animate) + enclitic conjunction <-ma> but, and + enclitic personal pronoun; 1st person singular accusative <-mu> me -- Kuruntas... for me
a-pe-e-da-ni-ya -- demonstrative pronoun; dative-locative singular of <apā-> that + enclitic conjunction <-ya> and -- at that
me-e-hu-ni -- noun; dative-locative singular of <mēhur> time -- time
se-er ak-ta -- verb; 3rd person singular preterite of hi-conjugation <sēr āk-, sēr akk-> be prepared to die -- was prepared to die
nu-mu -- sentence particle; <nu> and + enclitic personal pronoun; 1st person singular accusative <-mu> me -- me
pa-ah-ha-as-ta -- verb; 3rd person singular preterite of mi-conjugation <pahhas-> protect -- he protected

nu MA-ME-TE^MEŠ ku-e le-en-qa-an har-ta nu-kan Ú-UL ku-it-ki wa-ah-nu-ut

nu -- sentence particle; <nu> and -- and
MA-ME-TE^MEŠ -- noun; Akkadogram functioning here as accusative plural of <MAMĒTU> oath + Sumerian plural marker <-MEŠ>... -- the oaths
ku-e -- relative pronoun; accusative plural neuter of <kui-> that, which, who -- which
le-en-qa-an har-ta -- verb participle; accusative singular neuter of <link-> swear an oath + 3rd person singular preterite of mi-conjugation <har-, hark-> have, hold -- he had sworn
nu-kan -- sentence particle; <nu> and + locatival particle <-kan> (indicating downward motion) -- and
Ú-UL ku-it-ki -- adverb; Akkadian negative <ŪL> not + indefinite pronoun; accusative singular neuter <kuisk-> any/some one/thing -- in no way
wa-ah-nu-ut -- verb; 3rd person singular preterite of mi-conjugation <wahnu-> turn -- did he turn aside

ma-ah-ha-an-ma-mu DINGIR^LUM da-a-as nu LUGAL-iz-zi-ah-ha-at

ma-ah-ha-an-ma-mu -- conjunction; <mahhan> as, how, when + enclitic conjunction <-ma> but, and + enclitic personal pronoun; 1st person singular dative <-mu> me -- when
DINGIR^LUM -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as nominative singular <DINGIR> god + Akkadian phonetic complement <-LUM> deity -- the god
da-a-as -- verb; 3rd person singular preterite of hi-conjugation <dā-> take -- took
nu -- sentence particle; <nu> and -- and
LUGAL-iz-zi-ah-ha-at -- verb; 1st person singular preterite middle of mi-conjugation <hassuwezziya-> become king -- I became king # The Hittite reading is *hassuezziahhat

nu A-NA ^M ^DLAMMA is-hi-ú-ul ki-is-sa-an i-ya-nu-un

nu -- sentence particle; <nu> and -- then
A-NA -- preposition; Akkadogram <ANA> (functioning as graphic indicator of the dative) -- with
^M ^DLAMMA -- proper noun; Sumerogram functioning here as dative <^DLAMMA> Kuruntas -- Kuruntas
is-hi-ú-ul -- noun; nominative singular of <ishiūl> treaty -- a treaty
ki-is-sa-an -- adverb; <kissan> thus, as follows -- as follows
i-ya-nu-un -- verb; 1st person singular preterite of mi-conjugation <iya-> do, make -- I made

A-NA TUP-PI RI-KIL-TI ŠA A-BU-YA-kan ku-i-e-es URU^DIDLI.HI.A Ú-UL ki-ya-an-ta-ri nu a-pu-u-us URU^DIDLI.HI.A IŠ-TU A.ŠÀ A.GÀR NAM.RA hu-u-ma-an-ta-za A-NA ^M ^DLAMMA LUGAL KUR URU ^DU-ta-as-sa ARAD-an-ni AD-DIN

A-NA -- preposition; Akkadogram <ANA> (functioning as graphic indicator of the dative) -- on
TUP-PI -- noun; Akkadogram functioning here as dative-locative singular <TUPPU> tablet -- the tablet
RI-KIL-TI -- noun; Akkadogram functioning here as genitive singular of <RIKILTU> treaty -- of the treaty
ŠA -- preposition; Akkadogram <ŠA> (functioning as graphic indicator of the genitive) -- of
A-BU-YA-kan -- noun; Akkadogram functioning here as nominative singular of <ABU> father + Akkadian enclitic possessive pronoun; 1st person singular <-YA> my + locatival particle <-kan> (indicating downward motion) -- my father
ku-i-e-es -- relative pronoun; nominative plural animate of <kui-> that, which, who -- which
URU^DIDLI.HI.A -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as nominative plural animate <URU> city + Sumerian plural marker <-DIDLI.HI.A>... -- towns
Ú-UL -- adverb; Akkadian negative <ŪL> not -- not
ki-ya-an-ta-ri -- verb; 3rd person plural middle present of <ki-> lie -- are placed # The deponent ki- is acting as passive of dāi- 'place, put here'.
nu -- sentence particle; <nu> and -- and
a-pu-u-us -- demonstrative pronoun; 3rd person plural accusative animate of <apā-> that -- those
URU^DIDLI.HI.A -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as nominative plural animate <URU> city + Sumerian plural marker <-DIDLI.HI.A>... -- towns
IŠ-TU -- preposition; Akkadogram <IŠTU> (functioning as graphic indicator of the ablative) -- from
A.ŠÀ A.GÀR -- noun; Sumerogram ablative plural of <A.ŠÀ A.GÀR> field and meadow -- field and meadow
NAM.RA -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as ablative plural of <NAM.RA> captive, colonist -- deportees
hu-u-ma-an-ta-za -- adjective; ablative plural of <hūmant-> all, each, every -- all
A-NA -- preposition; Akkadogram <ANA> (functioning as graphic indicator of the dative) -- to
^M ^DLAMMA -- proper noun; Sumerogram functioning here as dative <^DLAMMA> Kuruntas -- Kuruntas
LUGAL -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as dative singular <LUGAL> king -- king
KUR -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as dative singular <KUR> land, territory -- the land
URU -- noun; Sumerogram <URU> city -- of the city
^DU-ta-as-sa -- proper noun; stem form functioning here as genitive singular <^DUtassa> Tarhuntassas -- of Tarhuntassas
ARAD-an-ni -- noun; Sumerogram <ARAD> slave, servant, vassal + Hittite phonetic complement <-ānni> (indicating dative singular) -- in vassalship
AD-DIN -- verb; Akkadian 1st person singular preterite of <NADĀNU> give -- I gave

ku-is-kan im-ma ku-is ŠÀBI KUR ^ÍDHu-u-la-ya e-es-zi nu-kan hu-u-ma-an A-NA ^M ^DLAMMA LUGAL KUR ^DU-ta-as-sa ARAD-an-ni a-as-sa-an ZAG^HI.A-ya-as-si EGIR-pa SIG₅-in te-eh-hu-un

ku-is-kan im-ma ku-is -- indefinite relative pronoun; nominative singular animate of <kui- imma kui-> whichever + locatival particle <-kan> (indicating downward motion) -- whatever
ŠÀBI -- noun; Sumerogram <ŠÀ> heart, innards + Akkadian phonetic complement <BI> in -- within
KUR -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as genitive singular <KUR> land, territory -- the... land
^ÍDHu-u-la-ya -- proper noun; stem form functioning here as genitive <Hūlaya> Hulaya river -- Hulaya river
e-es-zi -- verb; 3rd person singular present of mi-conjugation <ēs-> be -- is
nu-kan -- sentence particle; <nu> and + locatival particle <-kan> (indicating downward motion) -- ...
hu-u-ma-an -- adjective; nominative singular neuter of <hūmant-> all, each, every -- all
A-NA -- preposition; Akkadogram <ANA> (functioning as graphic indicator of the dative) -- for
^M ^DLAMMA -- proper noun; Sumerogram functioning here as dative <^DLAMMA> Kuruntas -- Kuruntas
LUGAL -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as dative singular <LUGAL> king -- king
KUR -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as genitive singular <KUR> land, territory -- of the town
^DU-ta-as-sa -- proper noun; stem form functioning here as genitive singular <^DU-tassa> Tarhuntassas -- of Tarhuntassas
ARAD-an-ni -- noun; Sumerogram <ARAD> slave, servant, vassal + Hittite phonetic complement <-ānni> (indicating dative singular) -- in vassalship
a-as-sa-an -- verb participle; nominative singular neuter of mi-conjugation <āss-> remain -- remains
ZAG^HI.A-ya-as-si -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as nominative animate of <ZAG> border, boundary + Sumerian plural marker <-HI.A>... + enclitic conjunction <-ya> and + enclitic personal pronoun; 3rd person singular dative <-ssi> he, she, it -- the borders... for him
EGIR-pa te-eh-hu-un -- verb; 1st person singular preterite of <āppa dāi-, tiya-> re-establish -- I have re-established
SIG₅-in -- adverb; Sumerogram <SIG₅> good, well + Hittite phonetic complement <-in>... -- well # The Hittite reading of SIG₅-in is unknown.

^NA₄he-kur SAG.UŠ-as-si EGIR-pa pe-eh-hu-un

^NA₄he-kur -- noun; accusative singular animate of <hekur> rock sanctuary -- the... rock sanctuary
SAG.UŠ-as-si -- adjective; Sumerogram <SAG.UŠ> permanent + enclitic personal pronoun; 3rd person singular dative <-ssi> he, she, it -- permanent... to him
EGIR-pa pe-eh-hu-un -- verb; 1st person singular preterite of hi-conjugation <āppa pāi-, āppa piya-> give back -- I have returned

nu-kan zi-la-ti-ya ^NA₄he-kur SAG.UŠ A-NA NUMUN ^M ^DLAMMA ar-ha le-e ku-is-ki da-a-i

nu-kan -- sentence particle; <nu> and + locatival particle <-kan> (indicating downward motion) -- and
zi-la-ti-ya -- adverb; <zilatiya> henceforth, in the future -- henceforth
^NA₄he-kur -- noun; accusative singular animate of <hekur> rock sanctuary -- the... rock sanctuary
SAG.UŠ -- adjective; Sumerogram <SAG.UŠ> permanent -- permanent
A-NA -- preposition; Akkadogram <ANA> (functioning as graphic indicator of the dative) -- from
NUMUN -- noun; Sumerogram functioning here as dative plural <NUMUN> seed, descendant -- the descendents
^M ^DLAMMA -- proper noun; Sumerogram functioning here as genitive <^DLAMMA> Kuruntas -- of Kuruntas
ar-ha da-a-i -- verb; 2nd person singular imperative of hi-conjugation <arha dā-> take away -- let... take away
le-e ku-is-ki -- indefinite pronoun; nominative singular of <lē kuisk-> no one -- no one

² A-BU-YA ku-wa-pi ^MHa-at-tu-si-li-is A-NA ^MÚR-hi-te-es-su-up-as DUMU ^MMu-u-wa-at-ta-al-li me-na-ah-ha-an-da ku-ru-ri-ah-ta na-an LUGAL-iz-na-an-ni ar-ha ti-it-ta-nu-ut A-NA ^M ^DLAMMA-ma-kan wa-as-tul Ú-UL ku-it-ki a-as-ta
^LÚMEŠ ^URUHa-at-ti ku-it im-ma ku-it wa-as-ti-ir ^M ^DLAMMA-as-ma-kan Ú-UL ku-wa-ap-pi-ki an-da e-es-ta
an-ni-sa-an-pat-an ^MNIR.GÁL-is LUGAL-us A-NA A-BU-YA ^MHa-at-tu-si-li sal-la-nu-um-ma-an-zi pi-ya-an har-ta na-an an-ni-sa-an-pat A-BU-YA sal-la-nu-us-ke-et

³ ma-ah-ha-an-ma A-BU-YA ^MÚR-hi-te-es-su-pa-an LUGAL-iz-na-ni ar-ha ti-it-ta-nu-ut ^M ^DLAMMA-an-ma A-BU-YA da-a-as na-an I-NA KUR ^URU ^DU-ta-as-sa LUGAL-iz-na-an-ni ti-it-ta-nu-ut
nu-us-si A-BU-YA ku-it is-hi-ú-ul i-ya-at ZAG^MEŠ-is-si ma-ah-ha-an da-is nu-us-si A-BU-YA TUP-PA^HI.A RI-KIL-TI i-ya-at
na-at ^M ^DLAMMA-as har-zi
ZAG^MEŠ-ma-as-si ki-is-sa-an ti-ya-an-te-es IŠ-TU KUR ^URUPi-ta-as-sa-at-ta ^HUR.SAGHa-u-wa-a-as `kan-ta-an-na ^URUZa-ar-ni-ya-as ^URUSa-na-an-tar-wa-as ZAG-as ^URUZa-ar-ni-ya-a-as-ma-kan `kan-ta-an-na I-NA KUR ^ÍDHu-u-la-ya a-as-sa-an ^URUSa-na-an-tar-wa-as-ma-kan I-NA KUR ^URUPi-ta-as-sa a-as-sa-an-zi

⁴ IŠ-TU KUR ^URUPi-it-as-sa-ma-as-si an-na-az ^URUNa-ah-ha-an-ta-as ZAG-as e-es-ta
nu-kan A-NA TUP-PI RI-KIL-TI ŠA A-BU-YA ^DKASKAL.KUR ^URUA-ri-im-ma-at-ta ZAG-as i-ya-an-za ki-nu-na-as-si ^DUTU^ŠI an-na-al-li-in ZAG EGIR-pa te-eh-hu-un
nu-us-si IŠ-TU KUR ^URUPi-ta-as-sa IŠ-TU KUR ^URUA-ri-im-ma-at-ta ^URUNa-ah-ha-an-ta-as ^URUHa-ut-ta-as-sa-as-sa ZAG-as ^URUNa-ah-ha-an-ta-as-ma-kan ^URUHa-ut-ta-as-sa-as-sa I-NA KUR ^ÍDHu-u-la-ya a-as-sa-an-te-es

¹⁵ ma-ah-ah-an-ma-za A-BU-YA ku-wa-pi DINGIR^LIM ki-sa-at nu KUR.KUR^HI.A ku-it a-ar-sa ti-ya-at
^M ^DLAMMA-as-ma-mu a-pe-e-da-ni-ya me-e-hu-ni se-er ak-ta nu-mu pa-ah-ha-as-ta
nu MA-ME-TE^MEŠ ku-e le-en-qa-an har-ta nu-kan Ú-UL ku-it-ki wa-ah-nu-ut
ma-ah-ha-an-ma-mu DINGIR^LUM da-a-as nu LUGAL-iz-zi-ah-ha-at
nu A-NA ^M ^DLAMMA is-hi-ú-ul ki-is-sa-an i-ya-nu-un
A-NA TUP-PI RI-KIL-TI ŠA A-BU-YA-kan ku-i-e-es URU^DIDLI.HI.A Ú-UL ki-ya-an-ta-ri nu a-pu-u-us URU^DIDLI.HI.A IŠ-TU A.ŠÀ A.GÀR NAM.RA hu-u-ma-an-ta-za A-NA ^M ^DLAMMA LUGAL KUR URU ^DU-ta-as-sa ARAD-an-ni AD-DIN
ku-is-kan im-ma ku-is ŠÀBI KUR ^ÍDHu-u-la-ya e-es-zi nu-kan hu-u-ma-an A-NA ^M ^DLAMMA LUGAL KUR ^DU-ta-as-sa ARAD-an-ni a-as-sa-an ZAG^HI.A-ya-as-si EGIR-pa SIG₅-in te-eh-hu-un
^NA₄he-kur SAG.UŠ-as-si EGIR-pa pe-eh-hu-un
nu-kan zi-la-ti-ya ^NA₄he-kur SAG.UŠ A-NA NUMUN ^M ^DLAMMA ar-ha le-e ku-is-ki da-a-i

² When my father, Hattusilis, revolted against Urhi-Tessup, son of Muwattallis and deposed him from kingship, no blame whatsoever attached to (lit. "remained with") Kuruntas. However the people of Hatti had been at fault, Kuruntas was in no way whatsoever (involved) in (the wrong side). Already before, the king, Muwattallis, had given him (Kuruntas) to Hattusilis to raise, and already before, my father (i.e. Hattusilis) had raised him. Previously, Muwattallis, the king, had handed him over to my father, Hattusilis, to raise, and my father had raised him.

³ But when my father deposed Urhi-Tessup from kingship, my father took Kuruntas and set him up in kingship in Tarhuntassas. The treaty that my father made for him -- how he set the boundaries for him -- my father made a treaty-tablet (concerning them); and Karunta possesses it. Moreover, the boundaries are laid out for him as follows: for you, from the town of Pitassas, the borders are: Mt. Hawas, the Kantana of Zarniyas, and the town of Sanantarwas. The Kantana of Zarniyas to the Hulaya river-land remain (as borders). And the town of Santanarwas to the town of Pitassas remain (as borders).

⁴ From the town of Pitassas, the town of Nahhantas was the border. And, on the treaty tablet of my father, the river source of Arimattas was made the border. But for now, for him (Kuruntas), My Majesty has reestablished the previous border. From the town of Pitassas, from the town of Arimattas, the town of Nahhantas (and) the town of Hautassa are the border. But Nahhantas and Hautassa to the Huliya river-land remain (the border).

¹⁵ But when my father died (lit. "became a god"), whichever lands had remained waiting (to attack) at that time, Kuruntas was prepared to die for me. He protected me, and he kept the oath which he had sworn and in no way did he turn aside (from his loyalty). But when the god took me, and I became king, then I made a treaty with Kuruntas as follows: those towns which were not placed on the treaty tablet of my father, those towns, along with field and meadow, (and) all deportees, I gave to Kuruntas (to hold) in vassalship. And whatever is within the Hulaya river-land, all (of it) remains for Kuruntas, king of Tarhuntassas (to hold) in vassalship. I have reestablished the borders well for him. I have returned the permanent rock sanctuary to him; and henceforth, let no one take away the permanent rock sanctuary from the descendants of Kuruntas.

The instrumental case indicates an object or material with which something is done or (semi-adverbially) the way in which something is accomplished. It may usually be translated in English by the prepositions "by," "with," or "by means of":

nu	SILÁ	wetenit	katta ānsanzi
and	lamb	with water (inst.)	down-wipe
"They wipe down a lamb with water."

nu	(D)IS^TAR	GAS^AN-YA	A-NA	(M)Mursli	A.BI-YA
and	Ishtar	lady-my	to	Mursilis	father-my
U\-et	(M)NIR.GA\L	S^ES^-YA	wiyat
with a dream (inst.)	Muwatallis	brother-my	sent
"And Ishtar, My lady, sent Muwattallis, my brother, to my father in (lit. 'by means of') a dream."

ta	kalulupu-smus	gāpinit	hul:liemi
and	fingers-their	with thread (inst.)	I wrap
"I wrap their fingers with thread."

The instrumental can be used to indicate the cause of some actions:

DUMU.LÚU₁₉LUR^MEŠ	DINGIR^MEŠ-s-a	kistanit	harkiyanzi
humans	gods-and	from hunger (inst.)	perish
"Humans and gods are perishing from hunger."

In English, we might speak of transporting a substance "in" a container. In Hittite, however, the container is often rendered in the instrumental case:

kīdanda	pattanit	ekan	utiskemi
this (inst.)	with bucket (inst.)	ice	I keep bringing
"I keep bringing ice with this bucket."

nu	2	DUMU^MEŠ.É.GAL	ANA	LUGAL	MUNUS.LUGAL
and	two	sons of the palace	to	king	queen
MĒQATI	hūparit	GUŠKIN	pēdanzi
hand-water	with a bowl (inst.)	golden	offer
"Two sons of the palace offer the king (and) queen hand-water in (lit 'with') a bowl."

Verbs meaning "fill" take a noun in the instrumental. Compare English "filled with water":

anda-kan	halēnas	tessummius	tarlipit	sūwamus
in-locatival	of clay	cups	with tarlipta-drink (inst.)	filled
2-TAM	petumini
twice	we bring
"Twice, we bring in the cups of clay filled with tarlipta-drink."

In the Hittite expression meaning "call by name," the word meaning "name" is in the instrumental:

n-asta	DINGIR^MEŠ	hūmandus	lamnit	halzai
and-locatival	gods	all	by name (inst.)	he calls
"And he calls all the gods by name."

Forms of the instrumental of some nouns are used adverbially to describe the manner in which action is performed.

ZI-it	menahhanta	lē	kuedani	iyasi
willfully (inst., lit. 'with soul')	towards	not	anyone	act
"Do not act willfully towards anyone."

The adverb pangarit 'in large numbers, in force' is probably from the instrumental of an otherwise lost noun *pangar- 'large number'. Compare the verb derived from this noun pangariya- 'become widespread':

nu-mu	^LÚKÚR^HI.A	ŠA	KUR	Alasiya	pangarit	zahhiya	wet
and-me	enemy	of	country	Alasiya	in force	for battle	came
"The Alasiyan enemy came against me in large numbers for battle."

The word nakkit 'by force' is from the instrumental of nakki- 'heavy, important'.

nu	^URUNēsan	ispandi	nakkit	dās
and	Nesa	in the night	by force	I took
"And I took Nesa in the night by force."

In texts written after the earliest period, the ablative gradually takes over the function of the instrumental:

URU-an	zahhiyaz	katta dahhun
the city	with battle	I conquered
"I conquered the city in (or 'with') a battle (abl.)."

Hittite nouns with stems in final -t- are normally animate, though, depending on meaning, they may make collective plurals. For example, the noun aniyatt- 'equipment' makes the plural aniyatta. Some nouns in stem-final -t seem to be archaic. However, there is also a class of abstract nouns in -att-, such as aniyatt- from aniya- 'work, do', made from verbal stems. The nominative singular, which is a combination of the stem-final -t plus the animate ending -s is spelled -za or -az. The paradigms of kutt- 'wall', kāst- 'hunger' and the abstract nahsaratt- 'fear' beside nahsariya- 'be afraid, become afraid' are illustrative:

Singular
nom.	kūzza	kāsza	nahsaraz, nahsaraza
acc.	kutt-an	gāst-an	nahsaradd-an
gen.	kutt-as		*nahsaratt-as
dat./loc	kutt-i	kāst-i	nahsaratt-i
abl.	kutt-az	*kāst-az	nahsaratt-aza
inst.		kāst-it
Plural
nom.	kutt-es		nahsaratt-es
acc.	kudd-us		nahsarradd-us
gen.	*kutt-as		nahsaratt-as
dat./loc.	kutt-as		nahsaratt-as

Hittite makes adverbial subordinate clauses indicating the time when something happened using several different conjunctions. Since each of the conjunctions used also has non-temporal meanings, for example introducing conditional or comparative clauses, clauses indicating time are recognized in context. The conjunctions mān, māhhan, and kuwāpi are to be translated as 'when' or 'as soon as', but kuitman seems closer in meaning to English 'while' or 'until'. Mān and māhhan are usually first in their clauses, while the placement of kuwāpi seems somewhat more flexible.

Adverbial time clauses with the conjunction mān are found in the earliest texts and in copies of early texts, suggesting both that mān is one of the earliest conjunctions used to introduce time clauses and that it fell out of use after the earliest period. The following is from the Old Hittite "Legend of the Queen of Kanesh."

mān	MU^HI.A	istarna	pāer
when	years	meanwhile	went
nu	MUNUS.LUGAL	namma	30	MUNUS.DUMU	hāsta
and	queen	moreover	thirty	daughters	gave birth to
"When the years meanwhile passed by, the queen, in addition, gave birth to thirty daughters."

In this sentence from the "Proclamation of Telepenus," the use of mān can be contrasted with the use of the conjunctions māhhan and kuwāpi in the "Annals of Mursilis" below:

māan-san	^MTelepenus	INA	^GIŠGU-za	ABI-YA	ēshat
when-locatival	Telepenus	on	throne	of-father-my	sat
nu	^URUHassuwa	lahha	pāun
and	Hassuwa	on campaign	I went
"When I, Telepenus, seated myself upon the throne of my father, I went on a military campaign to Hassuwa."

Clauses of time with the conjunction māhhan are first attested slightly later than those with mān. Possibly māhhan could introduce time clauses in the earliest Hittite, and our lack of examples from the earliest period is accidental. It is also possible, however, that māhhan may have replaced mān in this function fairly early. Unlike the clauses with mān, clauses with māhhan are common.

mahhan-ta	kās	tuppianza	anda wemiyazzi
as soon as-you	this	tablet	reaches
nu	MAHAR	^DUTU^ŠI	liliwanuwanzi	ūnni
and	before	my majesty	in a hurry	drive
"As soon as this tablet reaches you, travel in a hurry to my majesty."

mahhan-ma	hameshanza	kisat	man	INA	KUR	(URU)Azzi
when-but	spring	became	[irrealis]	into	country	of Azzi
taninumanzi	pāun
to restore order	I went
"But as soon as it became spring, I would have gone into the land of Azzi to restore order."

In texts from the period of the Hittite Empire, māhhan is often written with the Sumerogram GIM plus the phonetic complement -an:

GIM-an-ma	ABU-YA	BA.UŠ	ŠEŠ-YA-ma-za-kan
when-but	father-my	died	brother-my-but-reflexive-locatival
ANA	^GIŠGU.ZA	ABI-ŠU	ēsat
on	throne	father-his	seated himself
"But when my father died, my brother seated himself on the throne of his father."

by foot (inst.)

"I went up by foot."

The relative adverb kuwāpi, which usually means 'where', can also be used to signal adverbial clauses of time. In the following sentence, the conjunction is to be understood as introducing two clauses "when my father was fighting with Urhi-Tessup" and "and (when) he deposed him from kingship":

ABU-YA	kuwapi	^MHattusilis	ANA	^MÚrhitessupas
father-my	when	Hattusilis	with	Urhitessup
DUMU	^MMūwattalli	menahhanda	kururiahta
son	Muwattallis	against	started fighting
n-an	LUGAL-iznanni	arha tittanut
and-him	from kingship	deposed
ANA	^M.DLAMMMA-ma-kan	wastul	ŪL kuitki	āsta
to	Kurunta-but-locatival	blame	not any	remained
"When my father, Hattusilis, began fighting with Urhi-Tessup, son of Muwattallis, and deposed him from kingship, no fault attached to (lit. 'remained with') Kurunta."

The following two sentences from the "Annals of Mursilis" suggest that, in introducing time clauses, māhhan and kuwāpi were essentially synonyms.