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Among the writers who appeared on the scene in the years 1918-1940, Viñcas Mykoláitis-Pùtinas stands out. This author and literary researcher of enormous intellect distanced himself from the usual tendency in belles-lettres of basing one's work only on the means of expression of the folk language. He searched out means of expression in the written language. The themes of his works were the deciding factor. In his works he didn't depict the village people, but rather the lives of intellectuals and educated people. In his poetry and prose, which are distinguished by their intellectual quality, there are many abstract nouns. He especially liked verbal abstracts, e.g., tobulýbė 'perfection', buitìs 'manner of life', pólėkis 'flight (of fancy)', būtìs 'being, existence', lūkesỹs 'expectation', geĩsmas 'desire', síelgrauža 'mental distress' (literally 'gnawing at the soul'). He used international words abundantly, e.g. harmònija 'harmony', mirãžas 'mirage', iliùzija 'illusion', ideãlas 'ideal,' hierárchija 'hierarchy', chaòsas 'chaos'. He used just the right adjectives with abstract nouns, e.g., álkanas liūdesỹs 'hungry grief, famished melancholy', klaikì vienãtvė 'dreadful loneliness', nerimastìnga buitìs 'anxious way of life'. His novel, In the shadow of the altars, was the first intellectual psychological novel in Lithuanian literature. The principal hero of this Stendhal type novel, Liùdas Vasãris, a seminary student and later a priest, writes poetry and cannot reconcile priest and poet in himself. Obedience to the will of his parents and the desire to serve his country have led him to the seminary. Vasãris overvalues the contribution of the priestly class to Lithuanian culture and chooses the goal of following in the footsteps of the poet-priests Mairónis, Antãnas Baranáuskas, and others. In the shadow of the altars has quite a few autobiographical features. The author of the book himself had experienced the conflict of poet and priest.

Mykoláitis-Pùtinas graduated from seminary and became a priest, but later gave up the priesthood. It is the aforementioned conflict that makes up the intellectual and emotional core of his novel. The attainment of freedom is the essence of the human being and art is the most authentic expression of this essence. Vasãris comes to understand that the priesthood has isolated his talent from the living sources of art, love for experience, natural communication with other human beings, and spontaneous expression without any moralizing. There arises the irresistible urge to experience life for the sake of creativity, so that his talent, a gift of God, might not be destroyed. He is also distinguished by the disharmony and duality of his personality. He seeks out, analyzes, and investigates scrupulously his inner contradictions, on the one hand from the point of view of his priestly duty and on the other hand from the point of view of the imperative of the poet's vocation. His indecisiveness, his compromising surrender to circumstances, resignation, silent suffering, and rebellious internal discontent reflect typical features of the Lithuanian character.

Reading and Textual Analysis

In the selection given below, from the first part of the novel, Vasãris considers three possibilities as to how he should act with his talent. He has already rejected his girl friend and taken the first vows of priesthood. Although he was firmly determined to become a good priest, he still felt that the source of his poetry was not "the virtues required of a clergyman, but the whirlpool of the world infected with the microbes of sin." He is constantly tormented by the thought of how to reconcile the free flight of poetry with the ideals of the life of a priest. These two lives are irreconcilably contrary to each other. What seems natural, understandable and unavoidable in one seems strange and forbidden in the other. He feels that the environment of the seminary is destroying his poetic talent, arousing discord and the splitting of his soul.

In the selection, one can find a fair number of international words and abstract nouns. Adjectives are used abundantly, especially those with the suffixes -ingas, -iškas and -inis; there are also comparisons, e.g., šáltas kaĩp lẽdas 'cold as ice,' nusitvė^́rė kaĩp skę̃stąs šiaudẽlio 'grasped for (it) like a drowning man for a straw'.

Pirmàsis galimùmas bùvo visái mèsti tą̃ poèziją ir̃ visàs tàs svajonès.

• pirmàsis -- definite number; nominative singular masculine of <pìrmas, pirmà> first -- the first
• galimùmas -- noun; nominative singular masculine of <galimùmas> possibility -- possibility
• bùvo -- verb; 3rd person preterit of <bū^́ti, yrà, bùvo> be -- was
• visái -- adverb; <visái> completely, totally -- completely
• mèsti -- verb; infinitive of <mèsti, mẽta, mẽtė> abandon -- to... abandon
• tą̃ -- pronoun; accusative singular feminine of <tàs, tà> this, that -- ...
• poèziją -- noun; accusative singular feminine of <poèzija> poetry -- poetry
• ir̃ -- conjunction; <ir̃> and -- and
• visàs -- pronoun; accusative plural feminine of <vìsas, visà> all -- all
• tàs -- pronoun; accusative plural feminine of <tàs, tà> this, that -- those
• svajonès -- noun; accusative plural feminine of <svajõnė> dream -- dreams

Taĩ bū^́tų tinkamiáusias ir̃ paprasčiáusias kláusimo sprendìmas.

• taĩ -- pronoun; neuter of <tàs, tà> this, that -- that
• bū^́tų -- verb; 3rd person subjunctive of <bū^́ti, yrà, bùvo> be -- would be
• tinkamiáusias -- adjective; nominative singular masculine superlative of <tiñkamas, tinkamà> appropriate -- the most appropriate
• ir̃ -- conjunction; <ir̃> and -- and
• paprasčiáusias -- adjective; nominative singular masculine superlative of <pàprastas, paprastà> simple -- simplest
• kláusimo -- noun; genitive singular masculine of <kláusimas> question -- to the problem
• sprendìmas -- noun; nominative singular masculine of <sprendìmas> solution -- solution

Bèt Vasãris nùjautė, kàd jìs vargù ar̃ pajė^̃gs išsižadė^́ti tų̃ vilčių̃, kuriõs ìš daliẽs jį̃ į̃ seminãriją àtvedė.

• bèt -- conjunction; <bèt> but -- but
• Vasãris -- noun; nominative singular masculine of <Vasãris> Vasaris -- Vasaris
• nùjautė -- verb; 3rd person preterit of <nujaũsti, nujaũčia, nùjautė> feel -- felt
• kàd -- conjunction; <kàd> that -- that
• jìs -- pronoun; nominative singular masculine of <jìs, jì> he, she, it -- he
• vargù -- particle; <vargù> hardly, scarcely -- hardly
• ar̃ -- particle; <ar̃> if, or -- ...
• pajė^̃gs -- verb; 3rd person future of <pajė^̃gti, pajė^̃gia, pàjėgė> have the strength -- could... have the strength
• išsižadė^́ti -- verb; infinitive of <išsižadė^́ti, išsìžada, išsižadė^́jo> give up -- to give up
• tų̃ -- pronoun; genitive plural feminine of <tàs, tà> this, that -- those
• vilčių̃ -- noun; genitive plural feminine of <viltìs> hope -- hopes
• kuriõs -- pronoun; nominative plural feminine of <kurìs, kurì> which, who -- which
• ìš -- preposition; <ìš> from -- to
• daliẽs -- noun; genitive singular feminine of <dalìs> part -- some degree
• jį̃ -- pronoun; accusative singular masculine of <jìs, jì> he, she, it -- him
• į̃ -- preposition; <į̃> at, for, in, to -- to
• seminãriją -- noun; accusative singular feminine of <seminãrija> seminary -- the seminary
• àtvedė -- verb; 3rd person preterit of <atvèsti, àtveda, àtvedė> bring -- had brought

Seminãrijos gyvẽnimas, tiesà, gerókai jàs apgrióvė, tačiaũ tuo pačiù metù jisaĩ vìs dėlto pamãtė turį̃s tãlentą.

• seminãrijos -- noun; genitive singular feminine of <seminãrija> seminary -- seminary
• gyvẽnimas -- noun; nominative singular masculine of <gyvẽnimas> life -- life
• tiesà -- noun; nominative singular feminine of <tiesà> truth -- indeed
• gerókai -- adverb; <gerókai> rather -- practically
• jàs -- pronoun; accusative plural feminine of <jìs, jì> he, she, it -- them
• apgrióvė -- verb; 3rd person preterit of <apgriáuti, apgriáuna, apgrióvė> destroy -- had... destroyed
• tačiaũ -- conjunction; <tačiaũ> but -- but
• tuo pačiù -- pronoun; instrumental singular masculine of <tas pàts, ta patì> same -- the same
• metù -- noun; instrumental singular masculine of <mẽtas> time -- at... time
• jisaĩ -- definite pronoun; nominative singular masculine of <jìs, jì> he, she, it -- he
• vìs dėlto -- particle; <vìs dėlto> nevertheless -- nevertheless
• pamãtė -- verb; 3rd person preterit of <pamatýti, pamãto, pamãtė> see -- saw
• turį̃s -- verb; nominative singular masculine of present participle active of <turė^́ti, tùri, turė^́jo> have -- (that) he had
• tãlentą -- noun; accusative singular masculine of <tãlentas> talent -- talent

Ir̃ dabar̃ vìsko išsižadė^́ti?

• ir̃ -- conjunction; <ir̃> and -- and
• dabar̃ -- adverb; <dabar̃> now -- now
• vìsko -- pronoun; genitive singular of <vìskas> everything -- everything
• išsižadė^́ti -- verb; infinitive of <išsižadė^́ti, išsìžada, išsižadė^́jo> give up -- to give up

Nè, taĩ negãlimas dáiktas.

• nè -- particle; <nè> no, not -- no
• taĩ -- pronoun; neuter of <tàs, tà> this, that -- that
• negãlimas -- negative particle; <ne> not + adjective; nominative singular masculine of <gãlimas, galimà> impossible -- (is) impossible
• dáiktas -- noun; nominative singular masculine of <dáiktas> thing -- (a) thing

Antràsis galimùmas siū^́lė jám sudẽrinti kūrýbą sù kùnigišku gyvẽnimu.

• antràsis -- definite number; nominative singular masculine of <añtras, antrà> other -- the second
• galimùmas -- noun; nominative singular masculine of <galimùmas> possibility -- possibility
• siū^́lė -- verb; 3rd person preterit of <siū^́lyti, siū^́lo, siū^́lė> offer -- offered
• jám -- pronoun; dative singular masculine of <jìs, jì> he, she, it -- him
• sudẽrinti -- verb; infinitive of <sudẽrinti, sudẽrina, sudẽrino> reconcile -- to reconcile
• kūrýbą -- noun; accusative singular feminine of <kūrýba> creativity -- creativity
• sù -- preposition; <sù> with -- with
• kùnigišku -- adjective; instrumental singular masculine of <kùnigiškas, kùnigiška> priestly -- priestly
• gyvẽnimu -- noun; instrumental singular masculine of <gyvẽnimas> life -- the... life

Bèt kaĩp?

• bèt -- conjunction; <bèt> but -- but
• kaĩp -- adverb; <kaĩp> how -- how

Lig šiõl jám taĩ nepavỹko.

• lig šiõl -- adverb; <lig šiõl> up to now -- up to his time
• jám -- pronoun; dative singular masculine of <jìs, jì> he, she, it -- he
• taĩ -- pronoun; neuter of <tàs, tà> this, that -- ...
• nepavỹko -- negative particle; <ne> not + verb; 3rd person preterit of <pavỹkti, pavỹksta, pavỹko> succeed -- had not succeeded

Jìs žinójo ir̃ tikė^́jo, kàd Diẽvas yrà visókios tobulýbės, grõžio ir̃ kilniáusios poèzijos šaltìnis.

• jìs -- pronoun; nominative singular masculine of <jìs, jì> he, she, it -- he
• žinójo -- verb; 3rd person preterit of <žinóti, žìno, žinójo> know -- knew
• ir̃ -- conjunction; <ir̃> and -- and
• tikė^́jo -- verb; 3rd person preterit of <tikė^́ti, tìki, tikė^́jo> believe -- believed
• kàd -- conjunction; <kàd> that -- that
• Diẽvas -- noun; nominative singular masculine of <Diẽvas> God -- God
• yrà -- verb; 3rd person present of <bū^́ti, yrà, bùvo> be -- is
• visókios -- pronoun; genitive singular feminine of <visóks, visókia> all -- all
• tobulýbės -- noun; genitive singular feminine of <tobulýbė> perfection -- of... perfection
• grõžio -- noun; genitive singular masculine of <grõžis> beauty -- beauty
• ir̃ -- conjunction; <ir̃> and -- and
• kilniáusios -- adjective; genitive singular feminine superlative of <kilnùs, kilnì> noble -- the noblest
• poèzijos -- noun; genitive singular feminine of <poèzija> poetry -- poetry
• šaltìnis -- noun; nominative singular masculine of <šaltìnis> source -- the source

Bèt kodė^̃l visì relìginiai, doróviniai, amžinõsios tiesõs, gė^̃rio ir̃ grõžio motỹvai jį̃ palìkdavo šáltą kaĩp lẽdą, õ kūrýbinis lỹrinis susijáudinimas vèsdavo į̃ gyvẽnimo žabángas ir̃ pavojùs?

• bèt -- conjunction; <bèt> but -- but
• kodė^̃l -- adverb; <kodė^̃l> why -- why
• visì -- pronoun; nominative plural masculine of <vìsas, visà> all -- all the
• relìginiai -- adjective; nominative plural masculine <relìginis, relìginė> religious -- religious
• doróviniai -- adjective; nominative plural masculine <doróvinis, doróvinė> moral -- (and) moral
• amžinõsios -- definite adjective; genitive singular feminine of <ámžinas, amžinà> eternal -- eternal
• tiesõs -- noun; genitive singular feminine of <tiesà> truth -- of... truth
• gė^̃rio -- noun; genitive singular masculine of <gė^̃ris> goodness -- goodness
• ir̃ -- conjunction; <ir̃> and -- and
• grõžio -- noun; genitive singular masculine of <grõžis> beauty -- beauty
• motỹvai -- noun; nominative plural masculine of <motỹvas> motif -- motifs
• jį̃ -- pronoun; accusative singular masculine of <jìs, jì> he, she, it -- him
• palìkdavo -- verb; 3rd person frequentative of <palìkti, paliẽka, palìko> leave -- did... leave
• šáltą -- adjective; accusative singular masculine of <šáltas, šaltà> cold -- (as) cold
• kaĩp -- conjunction; <kaĩp> as, like -- as
• lẽdą -- noun; accusative singular masculine of <lẽdas> ice -- ice
• õ -- conjunction; <õ> and, but -- whereas
• kūrýbinis -- adjective; nominative singular masculine of <kūrýbinis, kūrýbinė> creative -- creative
• lỹrinis -- adjective; nominative singular masculine of <lỹrinis, lỹrinė> lyric -- lyric
• susijáudinimas -- noun; nominative singular masculine of <susijáudinimas> emotion, excitement -- emotion
• vèsdavo -- verb; 3rd person frequentative of <vèsti, vẽda, vẽdė> lead -- led
• į̃ -- preposition; <į̃> at, for, in, to -- to
• gyvẽnimo -- noun; genitive singular masculine of <gyvẽnimas> life -- of life
• žabángas -- noun; accusative plural feminine of <žabánga> trap, snare -- the traps
• ir̃ -- conjunction; <ir̃> and -- and
• pavojùs -- noun; accusative plural masculine of <pavõjus> danger -- dangers

Õ trečiàsis galimùmas tuõ metù jám bùvo dár tìk pradė^́jęs aiškė^́ti.

• õ -- conjunction; <õ> and, but -- and
• trečiàsis -- definite number; nominative singular masculine of <trẽčias, trečià> third -- the third
• galimùmas -- noun; nominative singular masculine of <galimùmas> possibility -- possibility
• tuõ -- pronoun; instrumental singular masculine of <tàs, tà> this, that -- that
• metù -- noun; instrumental singular masculine of <mẽtas> time -- at ... moment
• jám -- pronoun; dative singular masculine of <jìs, jì> he, she, it -- him
• bùvo -- verb; 3rd person preterit of <bū^́ti, yrà, bùvo> be -- had
• dár -- adverb; <dár> even, still -- just
• tìk -- particle; <tìk> only -- ...
• pradė^́jęs -- verb; nominative singular masculine of preterit participle active of <pradė^́ti, pràdeda, pradė^́jo> begin -- begun
• aiškė^́ti -- verb; infinitive of <aiškė^́ti, aiškė^́ja, aiškė^́jo> become clear -- to become clear

Jõ patiẽs prãktika ródė jám, kàd "kunigãvimas" ir̃ "poetãvimas" yrà dù visái skirtìngi, jéigu nè príešingi, pašaukìmai.

• jõ -- pronoun; genitive singular masculine of <jìs, jì> he, she, it -- his
• patiẽs -- pronoun; genitive singular masculine of <pàts, patì> own -- own
• prãktika -- noun; nominative singular feminine of <prãktika> practice -- practice
• ródė -- verb; 3rd person preterit of <ródyti, ródo, ródė> show -- had shown
• jám -- pronoun; dative singular masculine of <jìs, jì> he, she, it -- him
• kàd -- conjunction; <kàd> that -- that
• kunigãvimas -- noun; nominative singular masculine of <kunigãvimas> being a priest -- being a priest
• ir̃ -- conjunction; <ir̃> and -- and
• poetãvimas -- noun; nominative singular masculine of <poetãvimas> poeticizing -- poeticizing
• yrà -- verb; 3rd person present of <bū^́ti, yrà, bùvo> be -- are
• dù -- number; nominative masculine of <dù, dvì> two -- two
• visái -- adverb; <visái> completely, totally -- completely
• skirtìngi -- adjective; nominative plural masculine of <skirtìngas, skirtìnga> different -- different
• jéigu -- conjunction; <jéigu> if -- if
• nè -- particle; <nè> no, not -- not
• príešingi -- adjective; nominative plural masculine of <príešingas, príešinga> opposing -- opposing
• pašaukìmai -- noun; nominative plural masculine of <pašaukìmas> vocation -- vocations

Tàd kám juõs būtinaĩ jùngti?

• tàd -- conjunction; <tàd> then, thus -- then
• kám -- adverb; <kám> why -- why
• juõs -- pronoun; accusative plural masculine of <jìs, jì> he, she, it -- them
• būtinaĩ -- adverb; <būtinaĩ> necessary -- (is it)necessary
• jùngti -- verb; infinitive of <jùngti, jùngia, jùngė> unite, join -- to unite

"Kaĩp kùnigas, àš nè poètas, õ kaĩp poètas, àš nè kùnigas."

• kaĩp -- conjunction; <kaĩp> as, like -- as
• kùnigas -- noun; nominative singular masculine of <kùnigas> priest -- a priest
• àš -- pronoun; nominative singular of <àš> I -- I
• nè -- particle; <nè> no, not -- (am) not
• poètas -- noun; nominative singular masculine of <poètas> poet -- a poet
• õ -- conjunction; <õ> and, but -- and
• kaĩp -- conjunction; <kaĩp> as, like -- as
• poètas -- noun; nominative singular masculine of <poètas> poet -- a poet
• àš -- pronoun; nominative singular of <àš> I -- I
• nè -- particle; <nè> no, not -- (am) not
• kùnigas -- noun; nominative singular masculine of <kùnigas> priest -- a priest

Štaĩ fòrmulė, kurià Liùdas Vasãris savè apgaudinė^́jo ìlgą laĩką.

• štaĩ -- particle; <štaĩ> here -- this (is)
• fòrmulė -- noun; nominative singular feminine of <fòrmulė> formula -- the formula
• kurià -- pronoun; instrumental singular feminine of <kurìs, kurì> which, who -- with which
• Liùdas -- noun; nominative singular masculine of <Liùdas> Liudas -- Liudas
• Vasãris -- noun; nominative singular masculine of <Vasãris> Vasaris -- Vasaris
• savè -- pronoun; accusative of <savę̃s> oneself, itself -- himself
• apgaudinė^́jo -- verb; 3rd person preterit of <apgaudinė^́ti, apgaudinė^́ja, apgaudinė^́jo> deceive -- deceived
• ìlgą -- adjective; accusative singular masculine of <ìlgas, ilgà> long -- long
• laĩką -- noun; accusative singular masculine of <laĩkas> time -- for a... time

Šìto psichològinio sofìzmo, įvairiomìs atmainomìs gyvẽnime ganà dažnaĩ sutiñkamo, jisaĩ nusitvė^́rė kaĩp skę̃stąs šiaudẽlio.

• šìto -- pronoun; genitive singular masculine of <šìtas, šità> this -- this
• psichològinio -- adjective; genitive singular masculine of <psichològinis, psichològinė> psychological -- psychological
• sofìzmo -- noun; genitive singular masculine of <sofìzmas> sophism -- for... sophism
• įvairiomìs -- adjective; instrumental plural feminine of <įvairùs, įvairì> various, different -- various
• atmainomìs -- noun; instrumental plural feminine of <atmainà> guise -- in... guises
• gyvẽnime -- noun; locative singular masculine of <gyvẽnimas> life -- in life
• ganà -- adverb; <ganà> rather -- rather
• dažnaĩ -- adverb; <dažnaĩ> frequently, often -- frequently
• sutiñkamo -- verb; genitive singular masculine of present participle passive of <sutìkti, sutiñka, sutìko> encounter, come across -- encountered
• jisaĩ -- definite pronoun; nominative singular masculine of <jìs, jì> he, she, it -- he
• nusitvė^́rė -- verb; 3rd person preterit reflexive of <nusitvérti, nusìtveria, nusitvė^́rė> grasp -- grasped
• kaĩp -- conjunction; <kaĩp> as, like -- like
• skę̃stąs -- verb; nominative singular masculine of present participle active of <skę̃sti, skę̃sta, skeñdo> drown -- a drowning (man)
• šiaudẽlio -- noun; genitive singular masculine of <šiaudẽlis> straw -- (grasping) for a straw

Šità iliùzija ìlgus metùs laĩkė jį̃ pavir̃šiuj, jìs "kunigãvo" ir̃ "poetãvo", õ tuõ tárpu kùnigas ir̃ poètas vãrė jamè žūtbūtìnę tarpùsavio kõvą.

• šità -- pronoun; nominative singular feminine of <šìtas, šità> this -- this
• iliùzija -- noun; nominative singular feminine of <iliùzija> illusion -- illusion
• ìlgus -- adjective; accusative plural masculine of <ìlgas, ilgà> long -- long
• metùs -- noun; accusative plural masculine of <mẽtai> year -- for... years
• laĩkė -- verb; 3rd person preterit of <laikýti, laĩko, laĩkė> keep -- kept
• jį̃ -- pronoun; accusative singular masculine of <jìs, jì> he, she, it -- him
• pavir̃šiuj -- noun; locative singular masculine of <pavir̃šius> surface -- afloat
• jìs -- pronoun; nominative singular masculine of <jìs, jì> he, she, it -- he
• kunigãvo -- verb; 3rd person preterit of <kunigáuti, kunigáuja, kunigãvo> be a priest -- acted as a priest
• ir̃ -- conjunction; <ir̃> and -- and
• poetãvo -- verb; 3rd person preterit of <poetáuti, poetáuja, poetãvo> be a poet -- acted as a poet
• õ -- conjunction; <õ> and, but -- and
• tuõ -- pronoun; instrumental singular masculine of <tàs, tà> this, that -- the same
• tárpu -- noun; instrumental singular masculine of <tárpas> space, period -- at... time
• kùnigas -- noun; nominative singular masculine of <kùnigas> priest -- the priest
• ir̃ -- conjunction; <ir̃> and -- and
• poètas -- noun; nominative singular masculine of <poètas> poet -- poet
• vãrė -- verb; 3rd person preterit of <varýti, vãro, vãrė> be engaged -- were engaged in
• jamè -- pronoun; locative singular masculine of <jìs, jì> he, she, it -- in him
• žūtbūtìnę -- adjective; accusative singular feminine of <žūtbūtìnis, žūtbūtìnė> desperate -- desperate
• tarpùsavio -- noun; genitive singular masculine of <tarpùsavis> between oneself -- ...
• kõvą -- noun; accusative singular feminine of <kovà> battle, struggle -- a ... struggle

Jisaĩ užfiksãvo daũgelį šiõs kovõs momeñtų ir̃ mãnė, kàd kùria poèziją.

• jisaĩ -- definite pronoun; nominative singular masculine of <jìs, jì> he, she, it -- he
• užfiksãvo -- verb; 3rd person preterit of <užfiksúoti, užfiksúoja, užfiksãvo> capture -- wrote down
• daũgelį -- noun; accusative singular masculine of <daũgelis> many -- many
• šiõs -- pronoun; genitive singular feminine of <šìs, šì> this -- this
• kovõs -- noun; genitive singular feminine of <kovà> battle, struggle -- of ... struggle
• momeñtų -- noun; genitive plural masculine of <momeñtas> moment -- of the moments
• ir̃ -- conjunction; <ir̃> and -- and
• mãnė -- verb; 3rd person preterit of <manýti, mãno, mãnė> think -- thought
• kàd -- conjunction; <kàd> that -- that
• kùria -- verb; 3rd person present of <kùrti, kùria, kū^́rė> create -- (he) was creating
• poèziją -- noun; accusative singular feminine of <poèzija> poetry -- poetry

Tuõ tárpu jìs rãšė sàvo žuvìmo kròniką, vienur̃ kitur̃ pamárgintą tikrù kūrýbos žíedu - liūdnù jõ tãlento liùdininku.

• tuõ -- pronoun; instrumental singular masculine of <tàs, tà> this, that -- the same
• tárpu -- noun; instrumental singular masculine of <tárpas> space, period -- at... time
• jìs -- pronoun; nominative singular masculine of <jìs, jì> he, she, it -- he
• rãšė -- verb; 3rd person preterit of <rašýti, rãšo, rãšė> write -- was writing
• sàvo -- pronoun; genitive of <sàvo> he, she -- his
• žuvìmo -- noun; genitive singular masculine of <žuvìmas> ruin -- of... ruin
• kròniką -- noun; accusative singular feminine of <krònika> chronicle -- the chronicle
• vienur̃ -- adverb; <vienur̃> in one place -- here
• kitur̃ -- adverb; <kitur̃> elsewhere -- (and) there
• pamárgintą -- verb; accusative singular feminine of preterit participle passive of <pamárginti, pamárgina, pamárgino> mark -- marked
• tikrù -- adjective; instrumental singular masculine of <tìkras, tikrà> genuine -- true
• kūrýbos -- noun; genitive singular feminine of <kūrýba> creativity -- of creativity
• žíedu -- noun; instrumental singular masculine of <žíedas> blossom, flower -- by a... spark
• liūdnù -- adjective; instrumental singular masculine of <liū^̃dnas, liūdnà> sad -- sad
• jõ -- pronoun; genitive singular masculine of <jìs, jì> he, she, it -- his
• tãlento -- noun; genitive singular masculine of <tãlentas> talent -- of... talent
• liùdininku -- noun; instrumental singular masculine of <liùdininkas> witness -- the... witness

Lesson Text

Pirmàsis galimùmas bùvo visái mèsti tą̃ poèziją ir̃ visàs tàs svajonès. Taĩ bū^́tų tinkamiáusias ir̃ paprasčiáusias kláusimo sprendìmas. Bèt Vasãris nùjautė, kàd jìs vargù ar̃ pajė^̃gs išsižadė^́ti tų̃ vilčių̃, kuriõs ìš daliẽs jį̃ į̃ seminãriją àtvedė. Seminãrijos gyvẽnimas, tiesà, gerókai jàs apgrióvė, tačiaũ tuo pačiù metù jisaĩ vìs dėlto pamãtė turį̃s tãlentą. Ir̃ dabar̃ vìsko išsižadė^́ti? Nè, taĩ negãlimas dáiktas.

Antràsis galimùmas siū^́lė jám sudẽrinti kūrýbą sù kùnigišku gyvẽnimu. Bèt kaĩp? Lig šiõl jám taĩ nepavỹko. Jìs žinójo ir̃ tikė^́jo, kàd Diẽvas yrà visókios tobulýbės, grõžio ir̃ kilniáusios poèzijos šaltìnis. Bèt kodė^̃l visì relìginiai, doróviniai, amžinõsios tiesõs, gė^̃rio ir̃ grõžio motỹvai jį̃ palìkdavo šáltą kaĩp lẽdą, õ kūrýbinis lỹrinis susijáudinimas vèsdavo į̃ gyvẽnimo žabángas ir̃ pavojùs?

Õ trečiàsis galimùmas tuõ metù jám bùvo dár tìk pradė^́jęs aiškė^́ti. Jõ patiẽs prãktika ródė jám, kàd "kunigãvimas" ir̃ "poetãvimas" yrà dù visái skirtìngi, jéigu nè príešingi, pašaukìmai. Tàd kám juõs būtinaĩ jùngti? "Kaĩp kùnigas, àš nè poètas, õ kaĩp poètas, àš nè kùnigas." Štaĩ fòrmulė, kurià Liùdas Vasãris savè apgaudinė^́jo ìlgą laĩką. Šìto psichològinio sofìzmo, įvairiomìs atmainomìs gyvẽnime ganà dažnaĩ sutiñkamo, jisaĩ nusitvė^́rė kaĩp skę̃stąs šiaudẽlio. Šità iliùzija ìlgus metùs laĩkė jį̃ pavir̃šiuj, jìs "kunigãvo" ir̃ "poetãvo", õ tuõ tárpu kùnigas ir̃ poètas vãrė jamè žūtbūtìnę tarpùsavio kõvą. Jisaĩ užfiksãvo daũgelį šiõs kovõs momeñtų ir̃ mãnė, kàd kùria poèziją. Tuõ tárpu jìs rãšė sàvo žuvìmo kròniką, vienur̃ kitur̃ pamárgintą tikrù kūrýbos žíedu - liūdnù jõ tãlento liùdininku.

Translation

The first possibility was to completely abandon poetry and all those dreams. That would be the most appropriate and simplest solution to the problem. But Vasaris felt that he could hardly have the strength to give up those hopes, which to some degree had brought him to the seminary. Seminary life, indeed, had practically destroyed them, but at the same time he saw that he had talent nevertheless. And now to give up everything? No, that is an impossible thing.

The second possibility offered him (the chance) to reconcile creativity with the priestly life. But how? Up to this time he had not succeeded. He knew and believed that God is the source of all perfection, beauty and the noblest poetry. But why did all the religious and moral motifs of eternal truth, goodness and beauty leave him as cold as ice, whereas creative lyric emotion led to the traps and dangers of life?

But at that moment the third possibility just began to become clear. His own practice had shown him that being a priest and poeticizing are two completely different, if not opposing vocations. Then why is it necessary to unite them? 'As a priest I am not a poet, and as a poet I am not a priest.' This is the formula with which Liudas Vasaris deceived himself for a long time. Like a drowning man (grasping) for a straw, he grasped for this psychological sophism, rather frequently encountered in various guises in life. For long years this illusion kept him afloat; he acted as a priest and acted as a poet, and at the same time the priest and poet in him were engaged in a desperate struggle. He wrote down many of the moments of this struggle and thought that he was creating poetry. At the same time he was writing the chronicle of his ruin, here and there marked by a true spark of creativity, the sad witness of his talent.

Grammar

11. The Accent Classes of the Nouns

There are four accent classes of the nouns in Lithuanian. The principal criterion for the attribution of a noun to one or another class is its stress pattern in the dative and the accusative plural. Some nouns have a constant stress, e.g., in all cases the stress falls on one and the same syllable. But in the majority of nouns the stress alternates between the ending and the stem.

Accentuation is rather difficult even for native speakers. In colloquial Lithuanian they often shift the stress from the short ending to the stem.

The current four accent classes developed from the earlier two accent paradigms (the barytone (fixed) stress paradigm and the mobile stress paradigm). The shifting of the stress defined by de Saussure's law determined the development of the present Lithuanian accentuation system. According to this law, the stress passes from a short or circumflex (rising) syllabic nucleus to an acute (falling) one.

In dictionaries the accent class is indicated in Arabic numerals: 1; 2; 3; 4; e.g., áuksas 1 'gold'; pir̃štas 2 'finger'; béržas 3 'birch'; ausìs 4 'ear'. Knowing the peculiarities of each accent class, we can locate the stress and use the appropriate accent in all the forms of the noun. Dictionary listings of adjectives, numerals and pronouns provide information on accent class.

11.1. The First Accent Class

The first accent class comprises nouns which in the dative and accusative plural always have their stress on one and the same syllable of the stem.

In two-syllable nouns the stress is always on the first syllable and it is always an acute, e.g., kója 'leg'; žéntas 'son-in-law'. In polysyllabic nouns, one can have either the acute or the circumflex, or the syllable may be short, e.g., vãsara 'summer'; bū^́sena 'state, condition'; dìdvyris 'hero'. But when the stress falls on the penultimate syllable only the acute is possible, e.g., saváitė 'week'; varnė^́nas 'starling'.

The stress always remains on the same syllable in all the cases in the singular and plural if the noun belongs to the first accent class. This is the most important feature of the first accent class.

11.2. The Second Accent Class

The second accent class comprises nouns which in the dative plural have their stress on the stem, while in the accusative plural they are stressed on the ending, e.g., dative plural bãtams 'shoes', acc.pl. batùs; dat.pl. pùpoms 'beans', acc.pl. pupàs.

The penultimate syllable has the circumflex or the short intonation. The circumflex or the short stress remains constant, except: in the (a) instrumental singular and (b) accusative plural. If the noun ends in -as, then in addition to the two cases above, the locative singular is also stressed on the ending, e.g., loc.sg. batè 'shoe'. If the noun has -a in nominative singular, then this -a is stressed, e.g., nom.sg. pupà 'bean'.

12. Pronouns

12.1. The Demonstrative Pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns refer to:

• a definite person or phenomenon (tàs, tà 'this', 'that'; šìs, šì, šìtas, šìta / šità 'this'; anàs, anà 'that'; tas pàts, ta patì 'the same');
• a definite property of a person or phenomenon (tóks, tokià 'such a'; šióks, šiokià, šìtoks, šìtokia 'this kind of'; anóks, anókia 'that kind of');
• a situation (taĩ 'it'; šìta(i) 'it', tas pàt(s) 'the same').

The demonstrative šìs contrasts with tàs. Both šìs and tàs contrast with anàs which denotes a third object which is farther away than objects referred to by tàs, e.g.,

• Šis nãmas yrà màno, tàs nãmas yrà tàvo, õ anàs nãmas yrà jõ
• 'This house is mine, that house is yours, but the one over there is his'.

Demonstrative pronouns can be used both as nouns and as adjectives, e.g.,

• Draugaĩ kviẽčia Diãną eĩti papietáuti, õ šì sė^́di ir̃ žiū^̃ri prõ lángą 'Friends invite Diana to go out to dinner, but she (the latter) sits and looks out the window'.
• Bèt Vasãris nùjautė, kàd jìs vargù ar̃ pajė^̃gs išsižadė^́ti tų̃ vilčių̃ 'But Vasaris felt that he could hardly have the strength to give up those hopes'.

When šìs, šì, tàs, tà, anàs, anà are used as adjectives (before a noun), they contribute definite status to the noun.

The pronouns šìtoks, šìtokia, tóks, tokià can also used before nouns as intensifiers, e.g., Šìtokia baisì avãrija 'such a terrible accident'.

The declension of šìs, šì is like that of the personal pronouns jìs, jì. The demonstrative pronouns tàs, tà and tòks, tokià are declined as follows:

The declension of šìtas, šità is exactly like that of tàs, tà. Anóks, anókia and šìtoks, šìtokia have the same endings as tóks, tokià, but the stress pattern is different (always on the same syllable). These pronouns have influenced the declension of the adjectives.

12.2. The Interrogative and Relative Pronouns

All intrrogative and relative pronouns begin with the consonant k: kàs 'what', 'who'; kóks, kokià 'what kind of'; kurìs, kurì 'which'; katràs, katrà 'which of two'; kelì, kẽlios 'how many', kelerì, kẽlerios 'how many (used with pluralia tantum); keliñtas, kelintà 'which'.

The interrogative pronoun kàs 'who, what' is declined as follows:

This pronoun has no plural declension and it may refer to either masculine or feminine nouns or pronouns. Kienõ 'whose', 'of whom', 'by whom' is used to denote possession or as the subject or agent of a passive verbal construction, whereas kõ is reserved for other genitive uses, cf:

• Kàs jį̃ sumušė? 'Who beat him up'?
• Kienõ jìs bùvo sùmuštas? 'By whom was he beaten up'?
• Kõ jám nepasìsekė išvéngti? 'What was he not able to avoid'?

Kóks, kokià are declined like tóks, tokià; kurìs, kurì are declined like jìs, jì; katràs, katrà are declined like tàs, tà; kelerì, kẽlerios are declined like kelì, kẽlios; keliñtas, kelintà are declined like regular adjectives.

Kelì and kẽlios are used only in the plural:

When these pronouns introduce a direct question, they are interrogatives:

• Kienõ tàs automobìlis? 'Whose car is that'?
• Kàs gãli atsakýti į̃ šį̃ klaúsimą? 'Who can answer this question'?
• Kurì suknẽlė táu patiñka? 'Which dress do you like?'
• Kókias knygàs jū^̃s pardavinė^́jate? 'What kind of books do you sell'?

Kas, kurìs, kurì, kóks, kokià can also be used as relative pronouns. The number and the gender of the relative pronoun are determined by the word to which it refers, but the case of this pronoun is determined by its use in the clause of which it is a part, e.g.:

• Mán patiñka tà suknẽlė, kurią̃ tù mán nupirkaĩ
• 'I like the dress which you have bought for me'.

The relative pronoun kurią̃ is feminine and singular because it refers to suknẽlė which is feminine and singular, but it is in the accusative case because it is the object of the verb nupirkaĩ.

Kokià žiemà, tokià ir̃ vãsara 'Whatever the winter is (like) thus also is the summer'.

12.3. The Indefinite Pronouns

Kàs 'someone', 'somebody', 'something' may be used as an indefinite pronoun by itself, e.g., Jám turbū^́t pasivaidẽno kàs 'He probably imagined somebody'.

Kàs, kòks and kurìs also may be used in conjunction with nórs, kažì(n) and kaž-. Kas nórs, koks nórs, kuris nórs have the meaning 'someone', 'somebody', 'anybody' 'something', 'some kind of':

• Gál norė^́tų kas nórs padirbė^́ti?
• 'Would anybody like to work for some time'?

Kažkàs, kažkóks, kažkurìs share a common semantic element meaning 'uncertain', someone not known', 'what', 'which', 'what kind of'. The same meaning is shared by the corresponding compound pronouns with the first component kažì(n), e.g., kaži(n) kàs, kaži(n) kóks, kaži(n) kurìs:

• Tòmas išvýdo kažin kókį keĩstą dáiktą
• 'Tomas saw some strange thing'.

13. Adjective Inflection

Adjectives agree in gender, number and case with words they modify. As attributes, adjectives can be used only with nouns, e.g., pàprastas sprendìmas 'a simple decision'.

There are three gender forms of adjectives in Lithuanian: masculine, feminine and neuter. All adjectives can have masculine forms and the respective feminine forms, e.g., nominative singular masculine liū^̃dnas 'sad', kilnùs 'noble'; nominative singular feminine liūdnà, kilnì. The neuter forms can be derived by dropping the -s from the masculine nominative singular, cf.: nominative singular masculine liū^̃dnas and neuter liū^̃dna; nominative singular masculine kilnùs and neuter kilnù. These forms are generally used in certain impersonal constructions as part of the nominal predicate:

• Mán liū^̃dna 'I am sad' (lit. 'To me is sad');
• Čià bùvo tamsù 'Here it was dark'.

The present tense forms of bū^́ti 'to be' are mostly omitted in such sentences.

The qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison. As in English, there are three basic degrees of comparison in Lithuanian: the positive, the comparative, and the superlative, e.g., positive liū^̃dnas 'sad', sunkùs 'difficult', 'heavy'; comparative liūdnèsnis 'sadder', sunkèsnis 'more difficult', 'heavier'; superlative liūdniáusias 'the saddest', sunkiáusias 'the most difficult', 'the heaviest'. Descriptive adjectives can have definite forms, which in addition to their lexical meaning of the quality contribute definite status to the noun they determine, e.g., amžinóji tiesà 'the eternal truth'. Historically, definite forms derived from the blend of adjectival endings with the pronoun jìs 'he', jì 'she', e.g., amžinàsis 'eternal-he', amžinóji 'eternal-she'.

Masculine and feminine adjectives have two numbers: singular and plural.

All adjectives are traditionally classified into three declensions. The easiest way to determine which declension an adjective belongs is by checking the endings in the nominative singular and the nominative plural.

The declension of masculine and feminine adjectives is quite different. Since early times, feminine adjectives were declined like nouns, but the masculine adjectives have adopted some of the endings of the gendered pronouns, cf.: dative singular masculine liūdnám 'sad' and tám 'that'; locative singular masculine liūdnamè and tamè; nominative plural masculine liūdnì and tiẽ; dative plural masculine liūdníems and tíems.

13.2. First Declension Adjectives

All adjectives ending in -(i)as (masculine nominative singular) and -(i)a (feminine nominative singular) belong to the first declension. The declension of these adjectives should be compared with that of the first and second declension nouns. The declension of the masculine adjectives differs in the dative and locative singular and the nominative and dative plural from that of the first declension nouns.

The forms of the 1st declension adjectives are as follows:

13.3. Second Declension Adjectives

Adjectives belonging to the 2nd declension are characterized by the ending -us in the masculine nominative singular and the ending -i in the feminine nominative singular.