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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: 2. ad- 'to fix, put in order'

Semantic Field: to Restore

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	ad	n	law, custom, ceremony	IEW
	adas	adj	proper, befitting	IEW
Welsh:	addas	adj	fitting, suitable	IEW
English
Old English:	til	adj	good, useful, capable, suitable	IEW
	til	n.neut	use, service, convenience	ASD
	til	prep	til, for	IEW
Middle English:	til(l)	prep	til	W2I
English:	til(l)	prep/conj	until, toward	W2I
	until	prep/conj	to, before, up to	W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	til	prep	til, for	ASD
Dutch:	tot	prep/conj	until	TLL
Old High German:	zil	n	aim, purpose	ASD
German:	Ziel	n.neut	aim, purpose	ASD
	zielen	vb	to take aim	TLL
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	til	adv	too, very	LRC
	til	prep	til, in, of, for	LRC
Old Icelandic:	tilr	adj	good, useful	GED
Danish:	indtil	conj	til	TLL
	til	prep	til, on	TLL
Swedish:	till	prep	til, on	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	til	adj	fitting, suitable	GED
	til	n	chance, opportunity	IEW
Italic
Umbrian:	*adio-, arsie	adj	pure, holy, sacred, divine	IEW

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
conj	=	conjunction
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prep	=	preposition
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W2I	=	Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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