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Indo-European Lexicon

Pokorny Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: ag- 'to drive, lead'

Semantic Fields: to Drive; to Lead

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Gaulish:	ambactus	n.masc	highly ranked servant (not a slave)	GED
Old Welsh:	agit	vb	to go	LRC
Welsh:	amaeth	n	husbandman	GED
Old Irish:	ag-	vb	to conduct	GED
	ar	vb	to slaughter	GED
	imm-agim	vb	to send about	GED
	Ogma	prop.n	Celtic god: inventor of ogham alphabet	AHD
Middle Irish:	ogom/ogum	n	ogham	W7
Irish:	ogham	n.masc	ogham	W7
English
Old English:	ac	conj	and, but, however	LRC
	æcer	n.str.masc	acre	GED
	ambeht	n.str.masc	servant	GED
	ambeht	n.str.neut	office	GED
	ambihtian	vb.wk	to serve	GED
	eax	n	axis, axle	W7
	eaxl	n	shoulder	W7
Middle English:	act	n	act, deed	W7
	active	adj	active	W7
	actuel	adj	actual	W7
	agent	n	agent	W7
	agonie	n	agony	W7
	alleggen	vb	to allege	W7
	ambages	n	ambage	W7
	ambassadour	n	ambassador	W7
	assay	n	test, effort	W7
	axel-	n.pfx	axle	W7
	axeltre	n	axletree	W7
	exacten	vb	to exact	W7
	examinen	vb	to examine	W7
	ile	n	aisle	W7
	pedagoge	n	pedagogue	W7
	podagra	n	podagra	W7
	squatten	vb	to squat	W7
	synagoge	n	synagogue	W7
English:	acre	n	field	GED
	act	n	deed; statute; affectation	AHD/W7
	active	adj	lively, characterized by movement	AHD/W7
	actual	adj	real, true; current	AHD/W7
	actuary	n	clerk, registrar	AHD/W7
	actuate	vb.trans	to put into action/motion	AHD/W7
	agent	n	doer; means; representative	AHD/W7
	agile	adj	nimble, able to move quickly/easily	AHD/W7
	agitate	vb	to excite, disturb, give motion to	AHD/W7
	-agogue	n.sfx	substance promoting secretion/expulsion	AHD/W7
	agony	n	torture, anguish, intense pain in mind/body	AHD/W7
	aileron	n	moveable part of airplane wing	AHD/W7
	aisle	n	passage between seat rows	AHD/W7
	allege	vb.trans	to declare/assert without proof	AHD/W7
	ambage	n	ambiguity, circumlocution	AHD/W7
	ambassador	n	official envoy, esp. foreign government representative	AHD/W7
	ambiguous	adj	doubtful, unclear, equivocal	AHD/W7
	anagoge	n	mystical reading of a text	AHD/W7
	antagonize	vb.trans	to act against, proke hostility in	AHD/W7
	assay	n	trial, attempt; scrutiny	AHD/W7
	axiology	n	study of values and valuation	AHD/W7
	axiom	n	common maxim, well-accepted truth	AHD/W7
	axis	n	line about which something rotates	AHD/W7
	axle	n	shaft around which a wheel turns	AHD/W7
	axon	n	a certain nerve-cell process	AHD/W7
	cache	n	hiding-place, something hidden	AHD/W7
	choragus	n	leader of choir/chorus	AHD/W7
	chronaxie	n	a certain electric excitation time	AHD/W7
	coagulum	n	a coagulated mass/substance	AHD/W7
	cogent	adj	compelling, convincing	AHD/W7
	demagogue	n	leader who champions the plebs	AHD/W7
	embassy	n	official position/residence of ambassador	AHD/W7
	emmenagogue	n	catalyst of menstrual discharge	AHD/W7
	epact	n	a lunisolar intercalary period	AHD/W7
	essay	n	an effort; literary composition	AHD/W7
	exact	adj	precise	AHD/W7
	exact	vb.trans	to draw out from, extort	AHD/W7
	examine	vb.trans	to test/inspect closely	AHD/W7
	exigent	adj	requiring drastic/immediate action	AHD/W7
	exiguous	adj	scanty in amount	AHD/W7
	fumigate	vb.trans	to apply smoke/gas to	AHD/W7
	fustigate	vb.trans	to cudgel; to criticize severely	AHD/W7
	hypnagogic	adj	relating to drowsiness before sleep	AHD/W7
	intransigent	adj	uncompromising, irreconcilable	AHD/W7
	levigate	vb.trans	to polish, smooth	AHD/W7
	litigate	vb	to wage legal contest	AHD/W7
	mystagogue	n	disseminator of mystical doctrines	AHD/W7
	navigate	vb	to steer through water/other medium	AHD/W7
	objurgate	vb.trans	to denounce harshly	AHD/W7
	ogham	n	5th-6th century Irish alphabet of notches	AHD/W7
	pedagogue	n	teacher, schoolmaster	AHD/W7
	pellagra	n	a skin disease	AHD/W7
	podagra	n	a foot disease	AHD/W7
	protagonist	n	leading/sympathetic role in story	AHD/W7
	retroactive	adj	extending in scope/effect to a prior time	AHD/W7
	squat	vb	to sit/crouch over ground	AHD/W7
	stratagem	n	clever trick/artifice of war	AHD/W7
	synagogue	n	Jewish congregation/house of worship	AHD/W7
	transact	vb	to carry out, perform	AHD/W7
	variegate	vb.trans	to diversify in external appearance	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	achar/ackar	n.str.masc	field	GED
	ambaht	n.str.masc	servant	GED
	ambaht	n.str.neut	office	GED
	ambahten	vb.wk	to serve	GED
	ambahti	n.str.neut	office	GED
Old Saxon:	akkar	n.str.masc	field	GED
	ambahteo	n.masc	servant	GED
	ambahtman	n.masc	servant	GED
	ambaht-skepi	n.masc	service	GED
	ambaht-skipi	n.masc	service	GED
Old Frisian:	ekker	n.str.masc	field	GED
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	aka	vb	to travel in vehicle	W7
Old Icelandic:	aka	vb	to drive, lead, travel in wagon	GED
	akrs	n.str.masc	field	GED
	ambatt	n.str.fem	maid, concubine	GED
	embætta	vb.wk	to wait on	GED
	embætti	n.str.neut	service, office	GED
E-Germanic
Gothic:	akrs	n.masc	field	GED
	andbahts	n.masc	servant	GED
Italic
Oscan:	acum	vb	to drive	LRC
Latin:	activus	adj	active	W7
	actuarius	n.masc	shorthand writer	W7
	actum	n.neut	record, thing done	W7
	actus, actus	n.masc	doing; gesture, expression	LRC
	actus	vb.perf.ptc	to lead	GED
	agens, agentis	adj/vb.ptc	effective; acting	W7
	ager, agri	n.masc	land, field	LRC
	agilis	adj	agile	W7
	agito, agitare, agitavi, agitatus	vb	to agitate	W7
	ago, agere, egi, actum	vb	to do, act, drive, lead	LRC
	-agra	sfx	disease, sickness	W7
	agrestis	adj	wild	GED
	allego, allegare	vb	to dispatch, cite	W7
	ambactus, ambacti	n.masc	servant; dependent	LRC
	ambages	n.fem	delays, detours, circonlocutions	W7
	ambigo, ambigere	vb	to wander about, hesitate, dispute	W7
	ambiguus	adj	ambiguous	W7
	axilla	n.fem	armpit	W7
	axioma	n.masc	axiom	W7
	axis	n.masc	axle, axis	W7
	choragus	n.masc	person in charge of paying for the production of a chorus	W7
	coacto, coactare, coegi, coactus	vb	to compel, press together	W7
	coagulum	n.neut	curdling agent	W7
	cogo, cogere	vb	to compel, drive together	W7
	-egare	sfx	verbal suffix	W7
	examen	n.neut	examination	W7
	examino, examinare	vb	to examine	W7
	exigo, exigere, exactus	vb	to drive out, demand, measure	W7
	exiguus	adj	very small	W7
	fumigo, fumigare, fumigavi, fumigatus	vb	to fumigate	W7
	-igare	vb.sfx	to make, change	W7
	jurgo, jurgare	vb	to quarrel, take to law	W7
	lego, legare	vb	to depute, send as emissary, bequeath	W7
	litigo, litigare, litigavi, litigatus	vb	to sue, dispute	W7
	mystagogus	n.masc	initiator, mystagogue	W7
	navigo, navigare, navigavi, navigatus	vb	to navigate	W7
	objurgo, objurgare, objurgavi, objurgatus	vb	to blame, punish	W7
	paedagogus	n.masc	pedagogue	W7
	podagra	n.fem	disease affecting feet	W7
	retroago, retroagere	vb	to reverse, drive back	W7
	transigo, transigere, transegi, transactus	vb	to drive through, complete, transact	W7
	variego, variegare, variegavi, variegatus	vb	to vary	W7
Vulgar Latin:	coactico, coacticare	vb	to press together	W7
	coatio, coactire	vb	to press together	W7
Late Latin:	actualis	adj	actual	W7
	-agogus	sfx	promoting expulsion	W7
	agonia	n.fem	agony	W7
	anagoge	n.fem	anagoge, initiation, education	W7
	epacta	n.fem	an intercalar period added to the calendar	W7
	exagium	n.neut	act of weighing	W7
	fustigatus	vb.ptc	fustigated, criticized	W7
	fustigo, fustigare	vb	to fustigate, criticize severely	W7
	synagoga	n.fem	synagogue	W7
Medieval Latin:	actuo, actuare, actuavi, actuatus	vb	to actuate	W7
New Latin:	-agogon	sfx	-agogue, who teaches	W7
	-agogue	sfx	-agogue, who teaches	W7
	axon	n.neut	axon (wooden cube bearing Greek laws)	W7
Italian:	pellagra	n.fem	pellagra	W7
	stratagèmma	n.masc	stratagem, trick	W7
Old French:	alleguer	vb	to pretend	W7
	assai	n.masc	test, effort	W7
	essai	n.masc	trial	W7
	synagoge	n.fem	synagogue	W7
Middle French:	actif	adj	active	W7
	actuel	adj	actual	W7
	agile	adj	agile	W7
	ambages	n.masc	delays, detours, circonlocutions	W7
	epacte	n.fem	a lunisolar intercalary period	W7
	esquatir	vb	to squat	W7
	essai	n.masc	tentative	W7
	examiner	vb	to examine	W7
	pédagoge	n.masc	pedagogue	W7
French:	-agogue	n.sfx	teaching	W7
	ambassade	n.fem	embassy	GED
	cache	n.fem	a hideout	W7
	cacher	vb	to hide	W7
	chronaxie	n.fem	time needed to stimulate nervous/muscular tissue with electricity	W7/R1
	hypnagogique	adj	hypnagogic, inducing sleep	W7
	quatir	vb	to press	W7
	rétroactif	adj	retroactive	W7
Spanish:	intransigente	adj	intransigent, not making any concessions	W7
	transigente	vb.pres.ptc	tractable, making compromises	W7
	transigir	vb	to compromise	W7
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	ágrê	n.fem	hunt, catch(ing)	GED/IEW
Greek:	agein	vb	to drive, lead	W7
	ageírô	vb	to assemble	GED
	ágra	n.fem	hunt, catch(ing)	LS
	agrauloúnô	vb	to dwell in fields	LRC
	ágrios	adj	wild	GED
	agrós	n	field	GED
	ágô	vb	to lead	GED
	-agogos, -agogon	adj.sfx	leading, inducing; expelling	W7
	agogos	adj	leading	W7
	agon	n.masc	fight, competition	W7
	agonia	n.fem	struggle, anguish	W7
	agonizesthai	vb	to compete	W7
	agonistes	n.masc	competitor, actor	W7
	anagein	vb	to refer	W7
	anágô	vb	to lead up	LRC
	anagoge	n.fem	reference	W7
	antagonizestyai	vb	to compete, antagonize	W7
	axia	n.fem	value	W7
	axios	adj	worthy, sufficient	W7
	axioun	vb	to think worthy	W7
	axioma	n.neut	honor	W7
	axon	n.masc	axle	W7
	demagogos	n.masc	orator	W7
	epágô	vb	to invite, bring in, intercalate	LRC
	epaktos	adj	alien, foreign	W7
	mystagogos	n.masc	mystagogue, initiator	W7
	paidagogos	n.masc	pedagogue	W7
	podagra	n.fem	disease affecting feet	W7
	proágô	vb	to proceed, go before	LRC
	protagonistes	n.masc	character, competitor	W7
	strategein	vb	to maneuver, be a general	W7
	strategema	n.neut	strategem, war maneuver, guile in war	W7
	strategos	n.masc	general	W7
	synagein	vb	to bring together	W7
	sunágô	vb	to bring together	LRC
	synagoge	n.fem	synagogue, assembly	W7
	upágô	vb	to lead on, retire	LRC
	choregos	n.masc	choragus	W7
Late Greek:	anagoge	n	anagoge	W7
Armenian
Classical Armenian:	artak`s	adv	out	LRC
Armenian:	acem	vb	to lead	GED
	art	n	field	GED
Iranian
Avestan:	azaiti	vb	to drive	GED
	*azra	n	hunt	GED
	azro-daiðim	vb	to pursue a hunt, go out for prey	GED
Indic
Sanskrit:	ájati	vb	to drive	GED
	ájras	n	plain, flatland	GED
Tocharian
Tokharian:	ak-	vb	to lead, travel	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
conj	=	conjunction
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
perf	=	perfect (aspect)
pfx	=	prefix
pres	=	present (tense)
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
sfx	=	suffix
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
LS	=	Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th ed. (1889, rev. 2001)
R1	=	Josette Rey-Debove and Alain Rey, eds. Le Nouveau Petit Robert (1993)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)