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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: agher-, aghen-, aghes-, or ogher etc. 'day, dawn'

Semantic Field: Day

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	an-daga	n.wk.masc	fixed day	GED
	dæg	n.str.masc	day; (name for) D-rune	GED
	daga	n.masc	day	ASD
	dagi(g)an	vb	to dawn	W7/ASD
	dagung	vb.ptc/n.fem	dawning, daybreak	W7/ASD
	dogor/doger	n.str.neut	day	GED/ASD
	frigedæg/frigdæg	n.masc	Friday, lit. Freya's day	W7/ASD
	gebyrd-dæg	n.str.masc	birthday	CDC
	monandæg	n.masc	Monday, lit. Moon day	W7
	sæter(n)dæg/sæter(n)esdæg	n.masc	Saturday, lit. Saturn day	W7/ASD
	sunnandæg	n.masc	Sunday, lit. Sun day	W7
	tiwesdæg	n.masc	Tuesday, lit. Tiw's day	W7
	þunresdæg	n.masc	Thursday, lit. Thor's day	W7
	wodnesdæg	n.masc	Wednesday, lit. Woden's day	W7
Northumbrian:	dæg	n.str.neut	day	GED
Middle English:	aday	adv	at midday	MEV
	aldai	adv	all day	MEV
	birthdai/bitheday	n	birthday	CDC
	dawnen	vb	to dawn	W7
	daw(n)ing	vb.ptc	dawning	W7
	day	n	day	W7
	Friday	prop.n	Friday, lit. Freya's day	W7
	Monday	prop.n	day named for the Moon	W7
	Saterday	prop.n	day named for Saturn: Roman agriculture god	W7
	Sunday	prop.n	day named for the Sun	W7
	Thursday	prop.n	day named for Thor: Germanic thunder god	W7
	Tiwesday	prop.n	day named for Tiw: Germanic war/sky god	W7
	Wednesday	prop.n	day named for Woden: Germanic chief god	W7
	Whitsonday	prop.n	Whitsunday	W7
English:	birthday	n	day/anniversary of one's birth	W7
	daily	adj/adv	every day	W7
	daisy	n	familiar wild Eurasian plant/flower	AHD/CDC
	dawn	n	sunlight's first appearance in morning	AHD/W7
	dawn	vb.intrans	(for sunlight) to appear in morning	AHD/W7
	day	n	time of sun's light between nights	AHD/W7
	Friday	prop.n	day between Thursday and Saturday	AHD/W7
	midday	n	noon, middle part of day	W7
	Monday	prop.n	day between Sunday and Tuesday	AHD/W7
	Saturday	prop.n	day between Friday and Sunday	AHD/W7
	Sunday	prop.n	day between Saturday and Monday	AHD/W7
	Thursday	prop.n	day between Wednesday and Friday	AHD/W7
	today	adv/n	(on/for) this day	AHD/W7
	Tuesday	prop.n	day between Monday and Wednesday	AHD/W7
	Wednesday	prop.n	day between Tuesday and Thursday	AHD/W7
	Whitsunday	prop.n	Pentecost, lit. white Sunday	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	dei/di/dach	n.str.masc	day	GED/ASD
	mona(n)dei	n	Monday	ASD
	saterdei	n.masc	Saturday	W7/ASD
	werusdei	n.masc	Wednesday	ASD
Frisian:	dey	n.masc	day	ASD
Middle Dutch:	woensdach	n.masc	Wednesday	ASD
Dutch:	dag	n.masc	day	ASD
	dagen	vb	to dawn	ASD
	zon-dag	n	Sunday	ASD
Old Saxon:	dag	n.str.masc	day	GED
	en-dago	n.wk.masc	lit. death-day	GED
Old Low German:	sunnun-dag	n	Sunday	ASD
Middle Low German:	suke-dage	n.wk.masc	sickness, lit. sick-day	GED
Low German:	dag	n.masc	day	ASD
Old High German:	Dagi-bert	prop.n	Dagibert	GED
	friatag	n.masc	Friday, lit. Freya's day	W7
	gaburti-tago	n.wk.masc	lit. birth-day	GED
	mahal-tago	n.wk.masc	fixed day	GED
	manatag/manotag	n.masc	Monday	W7/ASD
	siech-tage	n.wk.masc	sickness, lit. sick-day	GED
	sunnuntag	n.masc	Sunday	W7
	tac/tag	n.str.masc	day	GED/ASD
	tagen	vb	to dawn	ASD
	ziostag	n.masc	Tuesday	W7
Middle High German:	tac/tag	n.masc	day	ASD
	tagen	vb	to dawn	ASD
	ziestag	n.masc	Tuesday	ASD
German:	Dienstag	n.masc	Tuesday	LRC
	Donnerstag	n.masc	Thursday	LRC
	Freitag	n.masc	Friday	LRC
	Geburtstag	n.masc	birthday	LRC
	Montag	n.masc	Monday	ASD
	Samstag	n.masc	Saturday	LRC
	Sonntag	n	Sunday	ASD
	Tag	n.masc	day	ASD
	tagen	vb	to dawn	ASD
	täglich	adj/adv	daily	TLL
N-Germanic
Runic:	*dagaz	n	day; (name for) D-rune	LRC
Old Norse:	Dagr	prop.n.masc	Day [personal name in Edda]	LRC
	ein-daga	n	fixed day	ASD
	oþins-dagr	n.masc	Wednesday, lit. Odin's day	W7
	þors-dagr	n.masc	Thursday, lit. Thor's day	W7
Old Icelandic:	dagr	n.str.masc	day	GED
	døgr/døgn	n.neut	half-day (12 hrs.)	GED
	ein-dagi	n.wk.masc	fixed day	GED
	mal-dagi	n.wk.masc	fixed day	GED
Icelandic:	daga	vb	to dawn	ASD
	dagr	n.masc	day	ASD
	dægr/doegr	n.neut	day	ASD
	manadagr	n.masc	Monday	ASD
	oðinsdagr	n.masc	Wednesday	ASD
	sunnudagr	n	Sunday	ASD
	tysdagr	n.masc	Tuesday	ASD
Danish:	dag	n.masc	day	ASD
	daget	vb.3.sg	(it) dawns	ASD
	mandag	n.masc	Monday	ASD
Swedish:	dag	n.masc	day	ASD
	daga	vb	to dawn	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	*afar-dags	n.str.masc	the following day	GED
	*Dagis-þius	prop.n	Dagisthius	GED
	dags	n.str.masc	day	GED
	fidur-dogs	adj	on the 4th day	GED
Crimean Gothic:	tag	n	day	GED
Iranian
Avestan:	azan-	n	day	GED
Indic
Sanskrit:	áhar, áhan-, áhas-	n	day	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
3	=	3rd person
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
sg	=	singular (number)
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
MEV	=	J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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