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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: agro-s 'field, acre'

Semantic Fields: Plain, Field; Field for Cultivation

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	æcer/æcyr	n.str.masc	acre	GED/ASD
Middle English:	acre/aker/akir	n	acre	CDC
	agriculture	n	agriculture	AHD
	onager	n	wild ass	W7
	pilgrim	n	pilgrim	W7
	podagra	n	podagra	W7
	staphisagre	n	stavesacre	W7
English:	acre	n	field, large area of land	AHD/W7
	agrarian	adj	re: fields/farmers	AHD/W7
	agria	n	(type of) blow-fly	AHD
	agriculture	n	craft/science of farming/cultivation	AHD/W7
	agro-	pfx	field(s), grass(es)	AHD
	agrostology	n	study of grasses	AHD
	onager	n	heavy catapult	AHD/W7
	pellagra	n	a skin disease	AHD/W7
	Peregrine	prop.n	hobbit a.k.a. Pippin in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	peregrine	adj	tending to wander	AHD/W7
	pilgrim	n	one who journeys to holy place	AHD/W7
	podagra	n	foot disease	AHD/W7
	stavesacre	n	(seeds of) Eurasian larkspur	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	ekker	n.str.masc	acre	GED
Dutch:	akker	n	acre	CDC
Old Saxon:	akkar	n.str.masc	acre	GED
Old High German:	achar/ackar/accar	n.str.masc	acre	GED/CDC
Middle High German:	acker	n	acre	CDC
German:	Acker	n.masc	acre	LRC
	agrarisch	adj	agrarian	LRC
	Agrikultur	n.fem	agriculture	LRC
	Pilger	n.masc	pilgrim	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	akr	n	acre	ASD
Old Icelandic:	akrs	n.str.masc	acre	GED
Danish:	ager	n	acre	CDC
Swedish:	åker	n	acre	CDC
E-Germanic
Gothic:	akrs	n.masc	acre	GED
Italic
Latin:	ager, agri	n.masc	acre, district, property	LRC
	-agra	sfx	disease, sickness	W7
	agrarius	adj	agrarian	W7
	agrestis	adj	wild	GED
	agricultura	n.fem	agriculture	W7
	onager	n.masc	wild donkey; war machine	W7
	pereger	adj	being abroad	W7
	peregrinus	adj/n.masc	foreign(er)	W7
	podagra	n.fem	podagra	W7
Late Latin:	pelegrinus	n.masc	pilgrim	W7
Medieval Latin:	peregrinus	n.masc	pilgrim	W7
Old French:	peligrin	n.masc	pilgrim	W7
French:	agriculture	n.fem	agriculture	W7
Italian:	pellagra	n.fem	pellagra	W7
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	ágrê	n.fem	hunt, catch(ing)	GED/IEW
	agrós	n.masc	acre, farm	GED
Greek:	ágra	n.fem	hunt, catch(ing)	LS
	agrauloúnô	vb	to dwell in fields	LRC
	ágrios	adj	wild, savage, living in fields	GED
	agrostis	n	(kind of) wild grass	AHD
	onagros	n.masc	wild donkey; war machine	W7
	podagra	n.fem	podagra	W7
	staphisagre	n	wild raisin	W7
Armenian
Armenian:	art	n	acre	GED
Iranian
Avestan:	*azra	n	hunt	GED
	azro-daiðim	vb	to hunt, pursue, go out for prey	GED
Indic
Sanskrit:	ájras	n	plain, acre, flatland	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
pfx	=	prefix
prop	=	proper
sfx	=	suffix
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
LS	=	Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev.
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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