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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: aios- 'ore, metal (copper, bronze, iron)'

Semantic Fields: Copper, Bronze; Iron

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	ær/ar	n.str.neut	ore; brass, bronze, copper	GED
	ær(e)n/æryn	adj	of brass/bronze	GED/ASD
Middle English:	or	n	ore	W7
English:	aeneous	adj	re: bronze/copper	AHD
	era	n	age, (long) period of time	AHD/W7
	esteem	n	good opinion	TLL
	estimate	vb	to appraise, guess value	TLL
	eyrir	n	type of money	AHD/W7
	ore	n	metal-loaded mineral	AHD/W7
	ore	n	type of money	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Saxon:	er	n.str.neut	ore	GED
	erin	adj	re: bronze	GED
Old High German:	er	n.str.neut	ore, bronze, mineral	GED
	erin	adj	re: bronze	GED
German:	Ära	n.fem	era	LRC
	Erz	n.neut	ore, metal	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	eir	n.neut	bronze, copper	ASD
	eyrir	n	ounce of silver, [pl.] money	W7
Old Icelandic:	eir	n.str.neut	ore, copper	GED
Icelandic:	eyrir	n	monetary unit: 100th of a krona	W7
Norwegian:	øre	n	monetary unit	W7
Danish:	erts	n	copper coin, monetary unit	ASD
Swedish:	öre	n	copper coin, monetary unit	W7
E-Germanic
Gothic:	aiz	n.neut	money, metal coin	GED
Italic
Oscan:	eisernim	n	ore pit	GED
Umbrian:	ahesnes	adj.dat.pl	of bronze	GED
Latin:	aen(e)us	adj	aeneous	GED/CLD
	aera	n.neut.pl	counters of money-dealers	W7
	aes, aeris	n.neut	ore, metal, money	LRC
	aestimo, aestimare	vb	to value, estimate	TLL
Iranian
Avestan:	ayah-	n	iron, metal	GED
Indic
Sanskrit:	áyas-	n	iron, metal	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
dat	=	dative (case)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CLD	=	Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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