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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. al-, ol- 'beyond; other, alien'

Semantic Fields: Stranger; Like, Similar

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	aile	adj	other	GED
	ailither	n	pilgrim	GED
	indoll	prep	beyond	W7
English
Old English:	eal(l)	adj/adv	all; entirely	LRC
	eall-swa	adv	also, lit. all so	W7
	(e)al-swa	adv/conj	also, lit. all so	CDC
	elcor/elcur/ælcor	adv	otherwise	GED/ASD
	elelende	vb.past.ptc	exiled	GED
	elles	adv	otherwise	GED
	ellicor	adv	otherwise	GED
	ellor	adv	elsewhere	GED
Middle English:	adultery	n	adultery	W7
	al/all(e)	adj/adv	all	W7/MEV
	albeit	adv	albeit	W7
	aldai	adv	all day	MEV
	algate	adv	in all ways, at any rate	MEV
	alien	adj/n	alien	W7
	alkyn	adj	of all kinds	MEV
	all	adv	withal	W7
	alone	adj/adv	lone	W7
	alsaume	adv	all together	MEV
	also/als(wa)	adv/conj	also, lit. all so	W7/MEV
	alteren	vb	to alter	W7
	although	adv	although	W7
	as	conj	whereas	W7
	as(e)/als(e)	adv/conj	as	CDC
	avoutrie	n	adultery	W7
	uttraunce	n	utterance; bitter end	W7
English:	adulterate	vb	to make impure	AHD/W7
	adulterine	adj	illegal, spurious, re: adulteration	AHD/W7
	adultery	n	sex between unmarried spouses	AHD/W7
	albeit	conj	even though	AHD/W7
	alfresco	adj/adv	outdoor(s), in open air	AHD/W9
	alias	adv	assumed name/identity	AHD/W7
	alibi	n	excuse of having been elsewhere	AHD/W7
	alien	adj	strange, foreign	AHD/W7
	alien	n	stranger, foreigner	LRC
	aliquot	adj	re: exact factor/divisor of quantity	AHD
	all	adj	every, complete	AHD/W7
	allele	n	one of a genetic pair	LRC
	allelomorph	n	allele, lit. other form	AHD/W7
	allelopathy	n	plant toxin release slowing other plant growth	AHD
	alligator	n	crocodilian with short broad untapered snout	AHD/W7
	allo-	pfx	other	AHD/W7
	also	adv	too, likewise, as well, in addition	AHD/W7
	alter	vb	to change	AHD/W7
	altercate	vb.intrans	to dispute, wrangle	AHD/W7
	alternate	adj	re: occurring/succeeding by turns	AHD/W7
	although	conj	even though, while	AHD/W7
	altruism	n	concern for others' interests	AHD/W7
	as	adv/conj	so, like; when, while	AHD/W7
	else	adv	otherwise	GED
	hoopla	n	hubbub, commotion	AHD/W7
	lagniappe	n	bonus gift from merchant	AHD/W7
	lariat	n	rope with noose for catching cattle	AHD/W7
	morphallaxis	n	organic regrowth from remnant	AHD/W7
	outré	adj	bizarre, violating convention/propriety	AHD/W7
	parallax	n	skewing of form/position due to perspective	AHD/W7
	parallel	adj	lying on same plane without intersection	AHD/W7
	penult	n	next to last item (in series)	TLL
	subaltern	adj	subordinate	AHD/W7
	trophallaxis	n	mutual exchange of food among social insects	AHD
	ulterior	adj	further	AHD/W7
	ultimate	adj	last, final, furthest, greatest	AHD/W7
	ultra-	pfx	beyond, intense	AHD/W7
	utterance	n	what is said/uttered	AHD/W7
	voila	interj	there it is!	AHD
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	al/ol	adj	all	ASD
	as(e)/a(l)sa	adv/conj	as	CDC
	ekker/elker/elkes	adv	otherwise	ASD
	elles/ellis	adv	otherwise	ASD
Frisian:	al/ol	adj	all	ASD
Dutch:	al(le)/alles	adj	all	ASD
Old Saxon:	al	adj	all	ASD
	also	adv/conj	as, also	CDC
	elcor	adv	otherwise	GED
	elilende	vb.past.ptc	exiled	GED
	ellicor	adv	elsewhere	GED
Old High German:	alilante	vb.past.ptc	exiled	GED
	al(l)	adj/adv	all	ASD
	alles	adv	otherwise	GED
	also	adv/conj	as, also	CDC
	elih(h)or/elic(h)or	adv	further	GED/ASD
	elilenti	vb.past.ptc	exiled	GED
	ellichor	adv	further	GED
	ell(i)es	adv	otherwise	GED/ASD
Middle High German:	al	adj	all	ASD
	alles	adv	otherwise	ASD
	also/alse	adv/conj	as, also	CDC
German:	All	n.neut	universe	LRC
	all(e), aller, alles	adj	all	ASD
	Allel	n.neut	allele	AHD
	Allelomorph	n	allelomorph	AHD
	als	conj	as, than	GED
	also	adv	so, thus	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	elligar	adv	otherwise	LRC
Old Icelandic:	ella(r)	adv	otherwise	GED
	elligar	adv	otherwise	GED
	ellor	adv	otherwise	GED
Icelandic:	allr/allt/ale/öll	adj	all	ASD
	ellegar/elligar/ella(r)	adv	otherwise	ASD
Danish:	al	adj	all	ASD
	als	adv/conj	as, also	CDC
	eller	conj	or, nor	TLL
	ellers	adv	otherwise	ASD
Swedish:	al	adj	all	ASD
	eljest	adv	else	ASD
	eller	conj	or, nor	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	alja	conj	but	GED
	aljaleiko	adv	otherwise	GED
	*aljaleikoþs	adj/vb.ptc	allegorical, with a different meaning	GED
	aljar	adv	elsewhere	GED
	aljaþ	adv	elsewhere, to another place	GED
	aljaþro	adv	by another way	GED
	*aljis	adj	other	GED
	allis	adv	at all	ASD
	alls	adj	all	LRC
Italic
Oscan:	alttram	adj	other	GED
Old Latin:	ollus	dem.pron	he, that	LRC
Latin:	adulter	adj	unchaste, adulterous	W7
	adulterium	n.neut	adultery	W7
	adultero, adulterare	vb	to commit adultery	W7
	alias	adv	of another time	W7
	alibi	adv	elsewhere	GED
	alienus, aliena, alienum	adj	alien, unfitting	LRC
	aliquis, aliquis, aliquid	pron.indef	anyone	LRC
	aliter	adv	otherwise	GED
	alius	adj/pron	other	GED
	alter, altera, alterum	adj/pron	other	GED
	altercor, altercari	vb.dep	to dispute, wrangle	W7
	alterno, alternare	vb	to alternate	W7
	alternus	adj	other	W7
	ille, illa, illud	dem.pron	he, she, that	LRC
	olim	adv	some day	LRC
	parallelus	adj	parallel	W7
	ullus	adj/pron	any(one)	W7
	uls	adv	beyond	W7
	ulter	adj	situated beyond	W7
	ulterior, ulterioris	adj	farther, remote	LRC
	ultimus	adj.sup	last	W7
	ultra	adv/prep/pfx	beyond	W7
Late Latin:	subalternus	adj	subaltern	W7
	ultimo, ultimare	vb	to be last, come to an end	W7
Medieval Latin:	altero, alterare	vb	to alter, change	W7
	ultimatus	adj	last, final	W7
New Latin:	morphallaxis	n.fem	change of form	W7
Spanish:	allá	adv	over there, far away	TLL
	el, la	art.def	the	W7
Old French:	adultere	n	adultery	AHD
	alien	n.masc	alien	W7
	alterer	vb	to alter	AHD
	autre	indef.adj/pron	other	W7
	autrui	adj.obl	other	W7
	outre	prep	beyond	W7
	outré	adj	passed, defeated	W7
	outrer	vb	to pass (someone)	W7
Middle French:	altérer	vb	to change, damage	W7
	avoutrie	n.fem	adultery	W7
	outrance	n.fem	what is outrageous	W7
	parallaxe	n.fem	parallax	W7
French:	altruisme	n.masc	altruism	W7
	aussi	conj	as	TLL
	autre	indef.adj/pron	other	LRC
	autrui	indef.pron.pl	others, other people	W7
	houp-là	interj	hoopla	W7
	le, la	art.def	the	LRC
	outré	adj	outraged, offended	W7
	outrer	vb	to irritate, carry to excess	W7
	voilà	cont	voila, there is/are, lit. see there	AHD
Italian:	altrui	indef.pron	someone else	AHD
Hellenic
Greek:	allá	conj	but	GED
	allaxis	n.fem	exchange	W7
	allassein	vb	to change, exchange	W7
	allêlôn	pron	one another	LRC
	állothi	adv	elsewhere	GED
	állos	adj	other	GED
	allótrios	n	stranger	GED
	állôs	adv	otherwise, especially	LRC
	parallaxis	n.fem	act of changing	W7
	parallassein	vb	to change	W7
	parallelos	adj	parallel	W7
Armenian
Classical Armenian:	ayl	conj	but	LRC
Armenian:	ail	conj	but (rather)	GED
	ayl	adj	other	GED
Iranian
Avestan:	anyada	adv	elsewhere	GED
Indic
Sanskrit:	anyátra	adv	elsewhere	GED
	anyás	adj	other	GED
	aríh	n	stranger	GED
	aryás	n	hospitable lord	GED
Tocharian
Tocharian B:	alyek	adj	other	GED
Tocharian A:	alyak	adj	other	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
art	=	article/determiner
conj	=	conjunction
cont	=	contraction
def	=	definite
dem	=	demonstrative
dep	=	deponent
fem	=	feminine (gender)
indef	=	indefinite
interj	=	interjection
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
obl	=	oblique (case)
past	=	past (tense)
pfx	=	prefix
pl	=	plural (number)
prep	=	preposition
pron	=	pronoun
ptc	=	participle
sup	=	superlative
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
MEV	=	J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)
W9	=	Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (1983)

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