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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. ap-, more accurately up- : ep- 'to take, reach, grasp'

Semantic Fields: to Take; to Grasp, Seize, Take Hold of

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Middle English:	apt	adj	apt	W7
	aptitude	n	aptitude, tendency	AHD
	artillerie/artylerye	n	artillery	W7/CDC
	couple	n	couple	W7
English:	adept	n	able, skilled	AHD/W7
	apex	n	top, vertex, highest point	AHD
	apt	adj	fit, proper	AHD/W7
	aptitude	n	aptness, ability, learning capacity	W7
	artillery	n	missile arms	AHD/W7
	attitude	n	view, disposition	AHD/W7
	cabaletta	n	short aria with simple style/repetitive rhythm	AHD
	copula	n	(subject-predicate) link/connector	AHD/W7
	copulate	vb	to have sexual intercourse	AHD/W7
	couple	n	pair, brace	AHD/W7
	couple	vb	to join, unite, connect, copulate	W7
	couplet	n	unit of 2 successive verse lines	W7
	inept	adj	clumsy, hapless, not apt	AHD/W7
	lariat	n	rope with noose for catching cattle	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
German:	Artillerie	n.fem	artillery	LRC
Italic
Latin:	adeptus	vb.ptc	has been attained	W7
	adipiscor, adipisci	vb	to attain	W7
	apere	vb	to fasten	AHD
	apex, apicis	n.masc	apex, summit, extreme end	AHD/ELD
	apiscor, apisci, aptus	vb	to reach, attain	W7
	apto, aptare	vb	to fit, adapt, adjust, accommodate	CDC
	aptus	vb.ptc	apt	W7
	apud	prep	near, with, among	LRC
	copula	n.fem	tie, bond, copula	W7/ELD
	copulo, copulare, copulavi, copulatus	vb	to couple, copulate	W7/ELD
	ineptus	adj	inept, silly, improper, unsuitable	CDC
Vulgar Latin:	*apticulare	vb	to equip	AHD
Late Latin:	aptitudo, aptitudinis	n.fem	aptitude	W7
Middle Latin:	aptitudo	n	aptitude	CDC
	artillaria/artilleria	n	artillery	CDC
New Latin:	adeptus	n.masc	alchemist who knows how to change base metals into gold	W7
Portuguese:	apto	adj	apt	CDC
	artilharia	n	artillery	CDC
	inepto	adj	inept	CDC
Spanish:	apto	adj	apt	CDC
	artillería	n	artillery	CDC
	inepto	adj	inept	CDC
Old French:	apte	adj	apt	CDC
	artillerie/arteillerie	n	artillery	CDC
	artillier	vb	to equip	AHD
	cople	n.masc	couple	W7
Middle French:	couplet	n.dim	couplet	W7
French:	attitude	n.fem	attitude	W7
	avec	prep	with	TLL
	inepte	adj	inept	W7
Old Provençal:	cobla	n	copula	AHD
Old Occitan:	artilheria	n	artillery	CDC
Provençal:	apte	adj	apt	CDC
Italian:	artiglieria	n	artillery	CDC
	attitudine	n.fem	aptitude	LRC
	attitudine	n.fem	attitude	W7/CID
	atto	adj	apt	CDC
	cabaletta	n.dim	cabaletta	AHD
	cob(o)la	n	copula	AHD
	coboletta	n.dim	stanza, couplet	AHD
	inetto	adj	inept	CDC
Hellenic
Greek:	áptô	vb	to bind, fasten, attach	CDC
Armenian
Classical Armenian:	undunim	vb	to receive	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	apta	adj	apt	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
dim	=	diminutive
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
prep	=	preposition
ptc	=	participle
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
CID	=	Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958)
ELD	=	Charlton T. Lewis: An Elementary Latin Dictionary (1999)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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