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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. ar-, thematic (a)re-, heavy-base aru-, re-, and i-base (a)ri-, rei- 'to fit, suit'

Semantic Fields: Good; Custom, Usage

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	rim	n	number	GED
	rimid	vb.3.sg	counts	GED
Welsh:	cyf-rif	vb	to count, recount, narrate	GED
	rhif	n	number	GED
	rhifo	vb	to count	GED
English
Old English:	drædan	vb.irr	to dread	W7/ASD
	earm	n.masc	arm	W7/ASD
	hund-red	nbr.card	hundred (100), long hundred (120)	W7
	ræd/red	n.masc	rede	IEW/ASD
	rædan, rædde, ræded	vb.wk	to read/rede, counsel	W7/ASD
	rædan, re(or)d, redon, ræden	vb.str	to read/rede, counsel	W7/ASD
	rædelse	n	opinion, conjecture, riddle	W7
	ræden	n	condition	W7
	rim	n.str.masc/neut	number, calculation	GED/ASD
	riman	vb.wk	to count, number	GED
Northumbrian:	arm	n	arm	CDC
Middle English:	adornen	vb	to adorn	W7
	alarme/alarom	n	alarm	W7
	ar(i)smetrik	n	arithmetic	W7/CDC
	armarie/almerie	n	ambry	W7/AHD
	armature	n	armor, armature	AHD
	arm(e)	n	arm; embrace	W7/MEV
	armee/arm(e)ye	n	army	W7/CDC
	armen	vb	to arm	W7
	armes	n.pl	arms, warfare	W7
	armony	n	harmony	W7
	armure	n	armor	W7
	arreinen/arraynen/arenen	vb	to arraign	W7/CDC
	art(e)	n	art	W7/CDC
	article	n	article	W7
	desarmen	vb	to disarm	W7
	dreden	vb	to dread	W7
	hatred	n	hatred	W7
	hundred	nbr.card	hundred (100)	GED
	inordinat	adj	inordinate	W7
	kindred	n	kindred	W7
	ordeinen	vb	to ordain	W7
	ordinal	adj	ordinal	W7
	ordinance	n	ordinance	W7
	ordinarie	adj	ordinary	W7
	ornament	n	ornament	W7
	ornat	adj	ornate	W7
	primordial	adj	primordial	W7
	rate	n	rate	W7
	redels	n	riddle	W7
	reden	vb	to read/rede	W7
	resoun	n	reason	W7
	ridel	n	riddle	W7
	rime	n	rhyme	W7
	rite	n	rite	W7
	subordinat	adj	subordinate	W7
English:	adorn	vb.trans	to deck, strew with ornaments	AHD/W7
	alarm	n	warning, panic	AHD/W7
	ambry	n	pantry; recess in church wall	AHD/W7
	anarthrous	adj	re: noun without article; lit. without joints	AHD
	aristocracy	n	rule of the best	AHD/W7
	arithmetic	n	mathematics, science of numbers	AHD/W7
	arm	n	upper limb	AHD/W7
	arm	vb	to equip with weapons	AHD/W7
	armada	n	fleet	AHD/W7
	armadillo	n	small shelled nocturnal mammal	AHD/W7
	armature	n	organ for attack/defense	AHD/W7
	armillary	adj/n	(re:) bracelet, iron ring	AHD/W7
	armoire	n	large chest	AHD/W7
	armor	n	defensive bodily covering	W7
	arm(s)	n.sg/pl	weapon(s)	AHD/W7
	army	n	large organized body of armed personnel	AHD/W7
	arraign	vb.trans	to charge, indict	AHD/W7
	art	n	ingenuity, creativity, performance skill	AHD/W7
	arthr(o)-	pfx	joint	AHD/W7
	article	n	item; type of prose composition	AHD/W7
	artiodactyl	n	even-toed ungulate	AHD/W7
	artisan	n	craftsman	AHD/W7
	artist	n	one skilled in creative art(s)	AHD/W7
	artiste	n	skilled adept musical/theatrical performer	W7
	coarctate	adj	close together; contracted	AHD/W7
	coordination	n	harmonious movement	AHD/W7
	diarthrosis	n	free-moving joint	AHD/W7
	disarm	vb	to strip of weapons	AHD/W7
	dread	vb	to fear, stand in awe of	AHD/W7
	dysarthria	n	dyslalia, lack of distinct articulation	AHD/CDC
	enarthrosis	n	ball-and-socket joint	AHD/W7
	exordium	n	preface, introduction	AHD/W7
	Fastred	prop.n	personal name in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Folcred	prop.n	Rohan prince in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	gendarme	n	police officer	AHD/W7
	Halfred	prop.n	hobbit name in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	harmony	n	concord	AHD/W7
	hatred	n	hate, extreme contempt	AHD/W7
	hundred	nbr.card	100	GED
	inert	adj	still, idle, unchanging	AHD/W7
	inertia	n	indisposition to change/motion	AHD/W7
	inordinate	adj	immoderate, out of order	AHD/W7
	kindred	n	ancestry, heritage	AHD/W7
	logarithm	n	power of ten	AHD/W7
	ordain	vb	to consecrate	AHD/W7
	order	n	rank, class, structure	AHD/W7
	ordinal	adj	re: specified serial order	AHD/W7
	ordinal	n	book of ordination rites	AHD/W7
	ordinance	n	law, regulation	AHD/W7
	ordinary	adj	normal, commonplace	AHD/W7
	ordinary	n	judicial prelate/clergyman	AHD/W7
	ordinate	n	Cartesian y-axis coordinate	AHD/W7
	ordo	n	Catholic calendrical list	AHD/W7
	ornament	n	decoration	AHD/W7
	ornate	adj	adorned, decked out	AHD/W7
	primordial	adj	original, extremely ancient	AHD/W7
	rate	n	speed	AHD/W7
	rathskeller	n	restaurant patterned after German Ratskeller	AHD/W7
	ratio	n	numeric fraction/proportion	AHD/W7
	ration	n	dole, measured portion	AHD/W7
	read, read	vb	to parse meanings of letters	AHD/W7
	reason	n	cognition, intellect	AHD/W7
	rede	n	advice, counsel; story, account	W7
	rede	vb.trans	to advise, give counsel; explain, interpret	AHD/W7
	rhyme	n	echo at end of word	AHD/W7
	riddle	n	cryptic saying	AHD/W7
	rite	n	religious practice	AHD/W7
	ritual	adj	re: rite(s)	W7
	ritual	n	form for (religious) ceremony	W7
	subordinate	adj	lesser, subject, serving	AHD/W7
	suborn	vb.trans	to compel to break the law	AHD/W7
	synarthrosis	n	immovable joint	AHD/W7
	Théodred	prop.n	Theoden's son in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	arm/erm	n.masc	arm	ASD
	hund-red/hunderd	nbr.card	hundred (100)	ASD
	red	n	rede	ASD
	reda	vb.str	to rede, counsel	ASD
	rethe	n.str.fem	speech, word, account	GED
	rim	n	number	ASD
Frisian:	arm/earm	n	arm	CDC/ASD
	artisan	n	artisan	CDC
Old Dutch:	aerm	n	arm	CDC
Dutch:	arm	n.masc	arm	ASD
	raad	n	rede	LRC
	raden	vb	to rede	TLL
Old Saxon:	an(t)-dradan	vb	to dread	ASD
	arm	n.masc	arm	ASD
	hunde-rod	nbr.card	hundred (100), long hundred (120)	LRC
	rad	n	rede	ASD
	radan	vb.str	to rede, counsel	ASD
	reðia	n.str.fem	speech, word, account	GED
	reðinon	vb	to give account	GED
	reðion	vb.wk	to speak, say	GED
	un-rim	n	number	ASD
Old High German:	ant-ratan	vb	to dread	ASD
	ant-reitjan	vb.wk	to settle, arrange, set in order	ASD
	ar(a)m	n.masc	arm	ASD
	ge-riman	vb	to count, number	ASD
	hunde-rt	nbr.card	hundred (100)	ASD
	rat	n.masc	rede	IEW
	ratan	vb.str	to rede, counsel	W7
	reda	n.str.fem	speech, word, account	GED
	redina	n.str.fem	account, explanation	GED
	redinon	vb.wk	to speak, say	GED
	rim	n.str.masc	number, calculation	GED
	rimen	vb.wk	to count, number	GED
Middle High German:	arm	n.masc	arm	ASD
	ent-raton	vb	to dread	ASD
German:	Alarm	n.masc	alarm	LRC
	Arithmetik	n	arithmetic	CDC
	Arm	n.masc	arm	ASD
	Armee	n.fem	army	LRC
	Ärmel	n	sleeve	TLL
	Harmonie	n.fem	harmony	LRC
	hundert	nbr.card	hundred (100)	LRC
	Ornament	n.neut	ornament	LRC
	Rat	n	rede	LRC
	raten	vb	to rede	TLL
	Rathaus	n	town hall	TLL
	Ration	n.fem	ration	LRC
	Ratskeller	n.masc	rathskeller, city-hall basement restaurant	W7
	Rede	n.fem	speech	LRC
	reden	vb	to speak, talk	LRC
	Reim	n.masc	rhyme	LRC
	reimen	vb	to rhyme	LRC
	Ritual	n.neut	ritual	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	armr	n	arm	LRC
	hund-raþ	nbr.card	hundred (100), long hundred (120)	W7
	ráð	n.neut	rede; means, expedient; plan; agreement	LRC
	ráða	vb	to rede, counsel; plot, discuss	LRC
	roeða, roedd	vb	to speak	LRC
Old Icelandic:	ald-roeðr	adj	old	GED
	att-roeðr	adj	eighty-year-old	GED
	hund-rað	nbr.card	long/great hundred (120)	GED
	rim	n.str.masc	calendar, calculation	GED
Icelandic:	armr	n.masc	arm	ASD
	(g)reiða	vb.wk	to arrange, get/make ready	ASD/ICE
	hund-rað	nbr.card	hundred (100)	ASD
	rað	n	rede	ASD
	ráða	vb.str	to rede, counsel	ASD
	rím	n	number	ASD
Danish:	arithmetik	n	arithmetic	CDC
	arm	n.masc/fem	arm	ASD
	raade	vb	to rede	TLL
	raadhus	n	town hall	TLL
	råd	n	rede	LRC
	ærme	n	sleeve	TLL
Swedish:	arithmetik	n	arithmetic	CDC
	arm	n.masc	arm	ASD
	råd	n	rede	SAO
	råda	vb	to rede	TLL
	rådhus	n	town hall	TLL
	ärm	n	sleeve	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	arms	n.masc	arm	ASD
	ga-raidjan	vb.wk	to rede, counsel	ASD
	ga-raþjan	vb	to count	W7/GED
	ga-redan	vb.str	to rede, counsel	ASD
	raþjo	n.wk.fem	number, account, explanation	GED
	rodjan	vb.wk.I	to speak	LRC
Italic
Latin:	adorno, adornare	vb	to adorn	W7
	arithmetica	n.fem	arithmetic	W7
	arma, armorum	n.neut.pl	arms	LRC
	armarium	n.neut	chest	W7
	armatura	n.fem	arms, armor, equipment	W7/ELD
	armilla	n	armlet, armillary	AHD
	armo, armare, armatus	vb	to arm, equip	W7
	armus, armus	n.masc	arm, shoulder	W7
	ars, artis	n.fem	art, skill	LRC
	articulus	n.masc	joint; division, article	W7
	artire	vb	to instruct in arts	AHD
	artus, artus	n.masc	limb, joint	LRC
	artus	adj	narrow, confined	W7
	coarctatus	vb.ptc	confined, drawn together	W7
	coarto, coartare	vb	to confine, draw together	W7
	exordior, exordiri	vb	to begin	W7
	exordium	n.neut	beginning, introduction	W7
	harmonia	n.fem	harmony	W7
	iners, inertis	adj	inert, unskilled	W7
	inertia	n.fem	inertia, slothfulness, lack of skill	W7
	inordinatus	adj	disorderly	W7
	ordinarius	adj	in order	W7
	ordino, ordinare, ordinatus	vb	to order, arrange	W7
	ordior, ordiri	vb.dep	to begin	W7
	ordo, ordinis	n.masc	line, order, series; group, class	LRC
	orior, oriri, ortus	vb.dep	to arise	LRC
	ornamentum	n.neut	ornament	W7
	orno, ornare, ornatus	vb	to adorn, furnish, decorate	W7
	parte	n.fem.abl	according to a fixed proportion	W7
	primordium	n.neut	origin	W7
	primordius	adj	primordial	W7
	ratio, rationis	n.fem	ratio, account; tally, calculation	GED
	ratus, rata, ratum	adj/vb.ptc	fixed, counted, calculated	GED
	reor, reri	vb.dep	to think, count, calculate	GED
	ritus	n.masc	rite, custom, religous ceremony	GED
	suborno, subornare	vb	to suborn, corrupt	W7
Vulgar Latin:	*adrationare	vb	to call to account	AHD
	*artitianus	n	artisan	AHD
	ratio, rationis	n.fem	ration, measure; reason	W7
	rationo, rationare	vb	to compute, consider, deliberate	W7
Late Latin:	arismetica	n	arithmetic	AHD
	aristocratia	n.fem	aristocracy	W7
	coordinatio, coordinationis	n.fem	coordination	W7
	ordinalis	adj	of the order	W7
	ordino, ordinare	vb	to enroll in the orders	W7
	primordialis	adj	primordial, re: origin	W7
Middle Latin:	artesanus	n	artisan	CDC
Medieval Latin:	almarium	n	ambry, closet	AHD
	armata	n.fem	army, fleet	W7
	armilla	n	armillary	W7
	artista	n	lettered person	AHD
	ordinantia	n.fem	ordinance	W7
	ordo, ordinis	n.masc	ecclesiastical order	W7
	rata	n.fem	rate	W7
	subordino, subordinare, subordinatus	vb	to subordinate	W7
New Latin:	applicata	n.fem	line applied in an orderly manner	W7
	artiodactylus	n/adj	artiodactyl	CDC
	diarthrosis	n.fem	articulation that permits free movement	W7
	enarthrosis	n.fem	enarthrosis	W7
	inertia	n.fem	inertia, lack of movement	W7
	logarithmus	n.masc	logarithm	W7
Portuguese:	arithmetica	n	arithmetic	CDC
	armada	n	army, armada	CDC
	armadilho	n	armadillo	CDC
	armadura	n	armature	CDC
	armar	vb	to arm	CDC
	armas	n	arms	CDC
	arte	n	art	CDC
	artesão	n	artisan	CDC
	articulo/artigo	n	article	CDC
Spanish:	arismética/aritmética	n	arithmetic	CDC
	armada	n.fem	ensemble of naval forces	W7/Sal
	armadillo	n.masc	armadillo	W7
	armado	adj.masc	armed	W7
	armadura	n	armature	CDC
	armar	vb	to arm	CDC
	armas	n	arms	CDC
	arte	n	art	CDC
	artesano	n	artisan	CDC
	artículo	n	article	CDC
Old French:	adourner	vb	to adorn	AHD
	alarme	n	alarm	AHD
	araisner/aranier	vb.trans	to arraign	W7/CDC
	arismetique	n.fem	arithmetic	W7
	aristocracie	n	aristocracy	CDC
	armaire	n.fem	armoire	W7
	armarie/almarie	n.fem	chest, closet, ambry	W7/AHD
	armature	n	armor, armature	AHD
	armee	n	army	CDC
	armer	vb	to arm	W7
	armes	n.fem.pl	arms; hereditary heraldic devices	W7
	arm(e)ure	n	armor, equipment	W7
	art	n.masc	art, practice, discipline	W7
	article	n	article	CDC
	artiste	n	lettered person	AHD
	desarmer	vb	to disarm	W7
	ordener	vb	to ordain	W7
	ornement	n.masc	ornament	W7
	raison	n.fem	reason	W7
Anglo-French:	arainer/are(i)ner	vb.trans	to arraign	CDC
	ordinarie	n	ordinary; common meal	W7
Middle French:	adorner	vb	to adorn	W7
	alarme	n.fem	alarm, concern	W7
	araisner	vb	to arraign	W7
	aristocratie	n.fem	aristocracy	W7
	armée	n.fem	army	W7
	armoire	n.fem	armoire	W7
	armonie	n.fem	harmony	W7
	artisan	n.masc	artisan	W7
	desarmer	vb	to disarm	W7
	gendarme, gensdarmes	n.masc	gendarme, soldier, armed person	W7
	ordenance	n.fem	ordinance, art of arranging	W7
	ordre	n.masc	order	W7
	suborner	vb	to suborn	W7
French:	aristocratic	n	aristocracy	CDC
	arithmétique	n	arithmetic	CDC
	armature	n	armature	CDC
	armée	n	army	CDC
	armer	vb	to arm	CDC
	armillaire	adj	armillary	W7
	armoire	n	armoire	AHD
	art	n.masc	art	CDC
	article	n	article	CDC
	artisan	n	artisan	AHD
	artiste	n	artist	AHD
	coordination	n.fem	coordination	W7
	gendarme	n.masc	gendarme	W7
	ration	n.fem	ration	W7
Old Occitan:	arismetica	n	arithmetic	CDC
	armada	n	armada	CDC
	armadura	n	armature	CDC
	armar	vb	to arm	CDC
	armas	n	arms	CDC
Old Italian:	allarme	n	alarm	AHD
	arte	n.masc	art	W7
	artigiano	n.masc	artisan	W7
Italian:	allarme	n.masc	alarm	LRC
	aritmetica	n	arithmetic	CDC
	armadura/armatura	n	armature	CDC
	armare	vb	to arm	CDC
	armata	n	army, armada	CDC
	armi	n.pl	arms	CDC
	arte	n	art	CDC
	articolo/articulo	n	article	CDC
	artigiano	n	artisan	CDC
Baltic
Lithuanian:	artì	adv	near	LRC
	ir	conj/pcl	and	LRC
	rindà	n	row, line	GED
Latvian:	rida	adv	in rows	GED
	ridams	adv	in rows	GED
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	radi	post	for (the sake of), because of	LRC
Albanian
Albanian:	armë	n.fem	arm: weapon	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	anarthros	adj	not articulated	AHD
	arariskein	vb	to fit together	W7
	aretê	n.fem	virtue	LRC
	arthron	n.neut	joint, articulation	W7
	arthroun	vb	to articulate	W7
	arthrosis	n.fem	arthrosis	W7
	arithmein	vb	to count	W7
	arithmetike	n.fem	arithmetic	W7
	arithmetikos	adj	arithmetical	W7
	arithmos	n.masc	number	W7
	aristokratía	n.fem	aristocracy	CDC
	aristos	adj.sup	best	W7
	harmonia	n.fem	scale, harmony	W7
	armós	n	arm, joint, shoulder	CDC
	harmos	n.masc	joint	W7
	árti	adv	now	LRC
	ártios	adj	even, exact, perfect, complete	CDC
	ártios	adj	meet, right, proper; complete, perfect; fitted, suitable	LS
	di-arthróô	vb	to articulate, divide by joints	LRC
	diarthrosis	n.fem	diarthrosis	W7
	Ómeros	prop.n.masc	Homer	LRC
	synarthrosis	n.fem	synarthrosis	W7
Armenian
Classical Armenian:	ard	adv	now; so, then	LRC
	armukn	n	elbow	LRC
	c'arac'ar	adj	terrible	LRC
	c'ar	adj/n	bad; evil	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	irma	n.masc	arm	ASD

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
3	=	3rd person
I	=	class 1
abl	=	ablative (case)
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
card	=	cardinal
conj	=	conjunction
dep	=	deponent
fem	=	feminine (gender)
irr	=	irregular
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
nbr	=	number
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pcl	=	particle
pfx	=	prefix
pl	=	plural (number)
post	=	postposition
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
sg	=	singular (number)
str	=	strong (inflection)
sup	=	superlative
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
ELD	=	Charlton T. Lewis: An Elementary Latin Dictionary (1999)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
ICE	=	Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson: An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
LS	=	Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev.
MEV	=	J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922)
SAO	=	Swedish Academy: Svenska Akademiens Ordbok (2011)
Sal	=	Diccionario Salamanca de la Lengua Española (1996)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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