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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: ar(e)-g-, arg-?, rgi- 'white, argent, glittering'

Semantic Field: White

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	airget	n	silver, coin	GED
	argat	n	silver, coin	GED
Irish:	airgiod	n	silver, money	CDC
	arg	adj	white, argent	CDC
Welsh:	ariant	n	silver	GED
English
Old English:	eorc(n)an-stan/eorcen-stan	n.str.masc	jewel, precious stone, lit. silver-stone	ASD
Middle English:	agrimony	n	agrimony	W7
	argent	n/adj	argent	W7
	argentine	adj	argentine	AHD
	argil	n	argil	W7
	argu(w)en	vb	to argue	W7/CDC
	litharge	n	litharge	W7
English:	agrimony	n	yellow-flowered herb in rose family	AHD/W7
	argent	adj/n	silver-white	AHD/W7
	argentine	adj	silvery, re: silver	AHD
	argentite	n	silver ore	AHD
	argil	n	potter's clay	AHD/W7
	arginine	n	crystalline basic amino acid	AHD/W7
	Argive	prop.adj/n	re: Argos; Argos inhabitant	CDC
	Argo	prop.n	Jason's ship Swift (Greek mythology)	LRC
	Argonaut	prop.n	Argo crewmember seeking Golden Fleece (Greek mythology)	AHD
	Argos	prop.n	historic capital of Argolis	CDC
	argue	vb	to declare, dispute	AHD/W7
	Arkenstone	prop.n	Thorin's precious stone in Tolkien: The Hobbit	LRC
	litharge	n	fused lead monoxide	AHD/W7
	pyrargyrite	n	type of silver ore	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	erchan	adj	right, genuine	GED
German:	arginin	n	arginine (amino acid)	W7
	pyrargyrit	n	type of silver ore	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	iarkna-steinn	n.masc	precious stone	ASD
Old Icelandic:	jarkna-steinn	n.str.masc	jewel, lit. silver-stone	GED
	jar-tegn	n	omen	GED
E-Germanic
Gothic:	airknis	adj	good, holy	ASD
	airkniþa	n.fem	genuineness	GED
Italic
Oscan:	aragetom	adj/n	white; silver	CDC
Latin:	argemonia/agrimonia	n	agrimony	AHD
	argenteus	adj	argent	ELD
	argentinus	adj	argentine	AHD
	argentum	n.neut	silver, money	GED
	argilla	n.fem	argil, white clay	W7
	Argivus	adj	re: Argos	CDC
	Argivus	n	Argive	CDC
	Argo	prop.n	Argo	AHD
	Argonauta	prop.n	Argonaut	AHD
	arguo, arguere	vb	to argue, disclose, make clear	W7
	argutor, argutari	vb.dep	to chatter	W7
	argutus	adj	clear, noisy	W7
Old French:	aigremoine	n	agrimony	AHD
	argent	n	argent	AHD
	argentin	adj	argentine	AHD
	arguer	vb	to argue	CDC
Middle French:	aigremoine	n.fem	agrimony	W7
	argent	n.masc	silver, money	W7
	arguer	vb	to argue, accuse, reason	W7
	litharge	n.masc	lead monoxyde	W7
French:	argent	adj/n	argent, silver, money
	argile	n	argil	CDC
	arguer	vb	to argue	CDC
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	argi-kéraunos	adj	with bright lightning	GED
	argós	adj	white, bright, shining; swift	GED
	Argô	prop.n.fem	Argo, lit. Swift	LS
Greek:	Argeîos	n.masc	Argive	LRC
	argemone	n.fem	poppy, agrimony	AHD/W7
	argês	adj	white, gleaming	GED
	árgillos	n.fem	argil, white clay	CDC
	Argonautes	prop.n	Argonaut	AHD
	argúreos	adj	silver	LRC
	árguros	n.masc	silver, white/bright metal	GED
Anatolian
Hittite:	harkis	adj	white	GED
Armenian
Armenian:	arcat'	n	coin, silver	GED
Iranian
Old Persian:	(a)rdata	n	silver	GED
Avestan:	aruzah	n	brightness	GED
	uruzatam	adj	silver-colored	GED
Indic
Sanskrit:	árjunas	adj	bright, silver-white; pure	GED
	rajata	adj/n	white; silver	CDC
	rajatám	adj	silver-colored	GED
Tocharian
Tocharian B:	arkwi	adj	white	GED
Tocharian A:	arki	adj	white	GED
	arkyant	n	silver	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
dep	=	deponent
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prop	=	proper
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
ELD	=	Charlton T. Lewis: An Elementary Latin Dictionary (1999)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
LS	=	Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev.
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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