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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: bhares- 'barley'

Semantic Field: Barley

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Cornish:	barliz	n	barley	CDC
Welsh:	barlys	n	barley	CDC
English
Old English:	bærlic	adj	barley-like	W7
	bere	n.str.masc	barley	GED
	bereærn/bere(r)n/be(a)rn	n.neut	barn, lit. barley-place	W7/ASD
Northumbrian:	berern/bere-ern	n	barn, lit. barley-place	CDC
Middle English:	barly/barlich/berley	n	barley	W7/CDC
	bern/barn	n	barn	W7/CDC
English:	barley	n	cereal grass	AHD/W7
	Barliman	prop.n	Bree innkeeper in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	barn	n	farm building (for animals/harvested crops)	AHD/W7
	farina	n	fine meal of vegetable matter	AHD/W7
	farrago	n	mixture, confused collection	AHD/W7
Scots English:	barlick	n	barley	CDC
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	ber	n	barley	GED
N-Germanic
Old Icelandic:	barr	n.str.neut	grain, barley	RPN/GED
Icelandic:	barlak	n	barley	CDC
Norwegian:	barr	n.neut	barley	ASD
Swedish:	barr	n.neut	barley	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	*barizeins	adj	prepared from barley flour	GED
Italic
Oscan:	far	n	spelt	GED
Umbrian:	far	n	spelt	GED
	farsio	adj	re: grain	GED
	fasiu	adj	re: grain	GED
Latin:	far, farris	n.neut	spelt, grain	RPN/GED
	farina	n.fem	grain, flour, farina	GED
	farrago	n.fem	mixture, mixed fodder	W7
	farrea	adj.fem	re: grain	GED
Portuguese:	farinha	n	flour, farina	TLL
Spanish:	harina	n	flour, farina	TLL
French:	farine	n	flour, farina	TLL
Italian:	farina	n	flour, farina	TLL
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	brasi'no	n	food	GED
Russian:	bórosno	n.neut	rye flour	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prop	=	proper
str	=	strong (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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