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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: bhe-, bho- 'to warm, bake, roast, fry'

Semantic Field: to Roast, Fry

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	bacan	vb	to bake	W7
	bæþ, baþu	n.neut	bath(s)	ASD/CDC
	baðian/beðian/beðigean	vb	to bathe	W7/ASD
Middle English:	baken	vb	to bake	W7
	bath	n	bath	W7
	bath(i)en	vb	to bathe	W7/CDC
English:	bake	vb	to prepare using dry heat, esp. in oven	AHD/W7
	bath	n	washing/soaking (in water) part/all of body	AHD/W7
	bathe	vb	to wash in (usu. warm/hot) water/other liquid	AHD/W7
	zwieback	n	an egg-enriched, usually sweet, toasted bread	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Frisian:	backe	vb	to bake	CDC
North Frisian:	backe	vb	to bake	ASD
Dutch:	bad	n	bath	CDC
	baden	vb	to bathe	CDC
	bakken	vb	to bake	ASD
Old Saxon:	bakan	vb	to bake	ASD
	baþ	n.neut	bath	CDC/ASD
Low German:	bakken	vb	to bake	CDC
Old High German:	backen/bacchan	vb	to bake	W7/CDC
	bad	n.neut	bath	W7/ASD
	badon	vb	to bathe	CDC
	bahhan/pachan	vb	to bake	W7/ASD
Middle High German:	bachen	vb	to bake	ASD
	bad/bat	n.neut	bath	CDC/ASD
	baden	vb	to bathe	CDC
German:	backen	vb	to bake	ASD
	Bad	n.neut	bath	CDC/ASD
	baden	vb	to bathe	LRC
	zwieback	n	an egg-enriched, usually sweet, toasted bread	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	baka	vb	to bake, roast	ASD
Old Icelandic:	bað	n.neut	bath	CDC/ASD
Icelandic:	baða	vb	to bathe	CDC
	baka	vb	to bake	CDC
Danish:	bad	n	bath	CDC
	bade	vb	to bathe	CDC
	bage	vb	to bake	ASD
Swedish:	bad	n	bath	CDC
	bada	vb	to bathe	CDC
	baka	vb	to bake	CDC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	ubo	conj	but, now, even, therefore	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	phogein	vb	to roast	W7
Indic
Sanskrit:	bhaj	vb	to cook	ASD

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
conj	=	conjunction
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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