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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 2. bher- 'to boil, swell, well up'

Semantic Fields: to Boil (intrans.); to Grow

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	beorma/bearm	n.masc	barm	GED/ASD
	bræþ/breþ	n.fem	breath, vapor	GED/ASD
	brim-man	n.masc	sailor, lit. sea man	LRC
Middle English:	berme	n	barm	W7
	breth	n	breath	W7
	brethen	vb	to breathe	W7
	broþe	adj	fierce	MEV
	broþely	adv	fiercely	MEV
	ferment	n	ferment	W7
	fervent	adj	fervent	W7
	fervour	n	fervor	W7
English:	barm	n	yeast/froth on fermenting malt liquor	AHD/W7
	barmy	adj	full of froth/ferment	AHD/W7
	breath	n	air charged with odor/fragrance	AHD/W7
	breathe	vb	to emit aura/fragrance	AHD/W7
	breeze	n	residue from making coke/charcoal	AHD/W7
	defervescence	n	subsidence of fever	AHD/W7
	effervesce	vb.intrans	to hiss/foam/bubble as gas escapes	AHD/W7
	ferment	n	agent (e.g. yeast) causing fermentation	AHD/W7
	ferment	vb	to brew/become (e.g.) alcoholic beverage	LRC
	fervent	adj	glowing, very hot	AHD/W7
	fervid	adj	burning, very hot	AHD/W7
	fervor	n	intense heat	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Frisian:	barm/berme	n	barm	CDC
Middle Dutch:	bræyen	vb	to roast	GED
Dutch:	barm	n.masc	barm, lees, dregs
Middle Low German:	barm/berm	n	barm	CDC
	bradem	n.str.masc	vapor	GED
Low German:	barm(e)/borme	n	barm	CDC
Old High German:	bradam	n	breath	W7
Middle High German:	bradem	n.masc	breath	ASD
	bræjen	vb.wk	to smell, be fragrant	GED
German:	Barme/Bärme	n.fem	barm	ASD
	Bradem	n.masc	breath	ASD
	fermentieren	vb	to ferment	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	bráð-liga	adv	soon, rashly, hastily, at once	MEV/ICE
	bráðr	adj	rash, hasty, impatient	LRC
Old Icelandic:	bradna	vb	to melt	GED
	bræða	vb	to melt	GED
Danish:	bærme	n	barm, lees, dregs	ASD
Swedish:	bärma/bærme	n	barm, lees, dregs	CDC/ASD
E-Germanic
Crimean Gothic:	breen	vb	to roast	GED
Italic
Old Latin:	fervo	vb	to boil, bubble	GED
Latin:	defervescens, defervescentis	adj/vb.ptc	ceasing to boil	W7
	defervesco, defervescere	vb	to stop boiling	W7
	effervesco, effervescere	vb	to bubble, boil	W7
	fermentum	n.neut	yeast, barm	W7
	fervens, ferventis	adj/vb.ptc	boiling	W7
	ferveo, fervere	vb	to seethe, boil, bubble	GED/RPN
	fervesco, fervescere	vb	to begin to boil	W7
	fervidus	adj	boiling, foaming	W7
	fervor	n.masc	boiling heat, seething	W7
	fretus/fretum	n.masc/neut	strait, gulf, (surging of the) sea	GED
Portuguese:	fervor	n	fervor	TLL
Spanish:	hervor	n	fervor	TLL
Old French:	braser	vb	to burn	W7
	brasier	n.masc	fire of hot coals	W7
	brese	n.fem	live coals	W7
Middle French:	fervent	adj	fervent, ardent	W7
	ferveur	n.fem	fervor	W7
French:	braise	n.fem	coal, cinders	W7
	braiser	vb	to cook over coals	W7
	braser	vb	to join metals by brazing	W7/R1
	brasier	n.fem	furnace, large open fire	W7
	ferveur	n	fervor	TLL
Italian:	fervore	n	fervor	TLL

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
ptc	=	participle
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
ICE	=	Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson: An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
MEV	=	J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922)
R1	=	Josette Rey-Debove and Alain Rey, eds. Le Nouveau Petit Robert (1993)
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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