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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: bheruk-, bhrek- 'to shine, glitter'

Semantic Field: to Shine, Glisten

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	brægd	adj	bent	ASD
	brægd	n.masc	fraud, deceit	ASD
	bredan	vb	to braid	CDC
	bregdan, brægd, brugdon, brogden	vb	to braid, weave, pull, throw, vibrate	RPN
	bridel	n.masc	bridle	W7/ASD
	upbredan	vb	to upbraid, reproach	W7/ASD
Middle English:	bra	n	brae	W7
	bra(i)de/brayd	n	sudden movement, grievous onslaught	MEV
	braiden/breiden/brayden	vb	to braid	CDC
	breme/breem	n	bream	W7/CDC
	breyden	vb	to braid, weave, move suddenly	W7
	bridel/brydel	n	bridle	W7/MEV
	upbreyden	vb	to upbraid, scold severely	W7
English:	brae	n	hillside, esp. along river	AHD/W7
	braid	vb.trans	to twist (three/more strands) together	AHD/W7
	bream	n	European freshwater cyprinid fish	AHD/W7
	bridle	n	headstall/bit/reins with which horse is guided	AHD/W7
	upbraid	vb.trans	to find fault with, criticize severely	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	brida	vb	to braid, weave, pull, throw, vibrate	ASD
Dutch:	brasem	n	bream	CDC
	breidel	n.masc	bridle	ASD
Old Saxon:	bregdan	vb	to braid, weave, pull, throw, vibrate	ASD
	bressemo	n	bream	CDC
Low German:	breiden	vb	to braid, weave, pull, throw, vibrate	ASD
Old High German:	brahsima/brahsina	n	bream	W7/CDC
	brettan	vb	to draw (a sword)	W7
	brittil	n.masc	bridle	ASD
Middle High German:	brasem/brahsen	n	bream	CDC
	brehen	vb	to twinkle, sparkle	RPN
German:	Brachse/Brasse	n.fem	bream	LRC
	Brachsen/Brassen	n.masc	bream	CDC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	bragða, bragðað	vb	to move, stir	LRC
	bra	n	eyelash	W7
	bregða	vb	to throw, draw (sword), move quickly	LRC
Old Icelandic:	brjá	vb	to sparkle, flicker	RPN
Icelandic:	bregða	vb	to braid, weave, pull, throw, vibrate	ASD
Danish:	brasen	n	bream	CDC
Old Swedish:	braxn	n	bream	CDC
Swedish:	braxen	n	bream	CDC
Italic
Old French:	bresme	n	bream	CDC
French:	bréme	n	bream	CDC
Hellenic
Greek:	phorkon	adj	white; wrinkled	W7
Indic
Sanskrit:	bhrasate	vb	to shine, glitter	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
MEV	=	J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922)
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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