The University of Texas at Austin; College of Liberal Arts

Hans C. Boas, Director :: PCL 5.556, 1 University Station S5490 :: Austin, TX 78712 :: 512-471-4566

Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: bh(e)reu- : bh(e)ru- 'to brew, boil, surge, be wild'

Semantic Fields: to Boil (intrans.); Wave, Surge; Rage, Fury

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	berbaid	vb	to cook	GED
	bruth	n	fermentation	GED
	tipra	n.fem	source, fountain	GED
Middle Irish:	berbaim	vb	to boil	RPN
Old Welsh:	brwd	n	fermentation	GED
English
Old English:	bærnan	vb.wk	to burn, kindle, set afire	GED
	beornan/bi(e)rnan/byrnan	vb.str	to burn, blaze, be on fire	GED
	brade	n	roasted meat	CDC
	bræd	n	flesh	W7
	brædan/bredan	vb	to roast, broil	GED/ASD
	brand/brond	n.str.masc	brand, blaze; sword	GED/ASD
	bread/breod	n.str.neut	bread; bit, morsel, fragment	GED/ASD
	bredan	vb	to breed	W7
	brennian	vb.wk	to cause to burn	GED
	breowan	vb.str	to brew, prepare through fermentation	GED
	brinnan, bearn, burnon, bornen	vb	to burn	RPN
	brod	n.str.fem	brood	GED
	broð	n.neut	broth	GED/ASD
	brunna	n.wk.masc	burn; fount, spring, source	GED
	bryn-stan	n.masc	brimstone	MEV
	burn	n.str.fem	burn	ODE
	burna/burne	n.wk.masc/fem	burn; fount, spring, source	GED/ASD
	byrne	n.str.masc	fire, flame	GED
Middle English:	birnen	vb	to burn	W7
	brand/brond	n	brand, blaze; sword	W7/CDC
	braundisshen/braundis(h)en	vb	to brandish	W7/CDC
	brawn/braun	n	brawn	W7/CDC
	bred-corn	n	lit. bread-grain	MEV
	breden	vb	to breed	W7
	breed/bred(e)	n	bread	W7/MEV
	brended	adj	brindled	AHD
	brewen	vb	to brew	W7
	brewes	n	broth	W7
	brinston/brynstane	n	brimstone	W7/MEV
	broilen	vb	to broil	AHD
	brood	n	brood	W7
	broth	n	broth	W7
	burn/borne	n	burn	W7/MEV
English:	blaff	n	West Indian fish/pork stew	AHD
	bourn(e)	n	burn	AHD/W7
	braciola	n	thin slice of meat (wrapped around stuffing)	AHD
	braise	vb.trans	to slowly cook with fat in closed pot	AHD/W7
	Brand	prop.n	Dale king in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	brand	n	torch, charred/burning wood	AHD/W7/GED
	brandade	n	salted cod dish	AHD
	brandish	vb.trans	to shake/wave (weapon) menacingly	AHD/W7
	brandy	n	brandywine	AHD/W7
	Brandybuck	prop.n	hobbit clan in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Brandywine	prop.n	Shire river in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	brandywine	n	alcoholic liquor distilled from peach wine	AHD/W7
	bratwurst	n	small fried pork sausage	AHD
	brawn	n	full strong muscles of arm/leg	AHD/W7
	braze	vb	to solder with infusible alloy	AHD/W7
	brazier	n	pan to hold burning coals	AHD/W7
	bread	n	baked food: flour/meal mixed with liquid/shortening/leavening	AHD/W7
	breed, bred	vb.str	to reproduce (offspring) by hatching/gestation	AHD/W7
	bresaola	n	dried sliced salt-cured beef	AHD
	brew	n	beverage made by brewing	AHD
	brew	vb	to prepare by infusion/steeping/boiling/fermentation	AHD/W7
	brewis	n	broth	AHD/W7
	brimstone	n	sulfur	AHD/W7
	brindled	adj	tawny/grayish with darker spots/streaks	AHD
	broil	n	brawl, rowdy argument	AHD
	broil	vb.obs	to brawl, engage in rowdy argument	AHD
	brood	n	(family of) animal young	AHD/W7
	broth	n	stock, liquid in which fish/meat/vegetables/cereal grains were cooked	AHD/W7
	burn, burnt	vb.wk	to blaze, set afire	AHD/W7
	burn	n	brook, stream, rivulet	AHD/W7
	embroil	vb.trans	to throw into disorder/confusion	AHD/W7
	Erkenbrand	prop.n	Westfold master in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	fornicate	adj	having arched/vaulted form	AHD/W7
	fornicate	vb.trans	to have sexual intercourse while unmarried	AHD/W7
	fornix	n	anatomical arch/foldfold	AHD/W7
	Herubrand	prop.n	Rohan rider in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	imbroglio	n	confused mass	AHD/W7
	phreatic	adj	subterranean, re: ground water	AHD
	sauerbraten	n	marinated roasted beef	AHD/W7
	Snowbourn	prop.n	Rohan river in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Upbourn	prop.n	Rohan village in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	waybread	n	bread for journey in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	barna/berna	vb.str	to burn	GED
	brad	n.str.neut	bread	GED
	brand/brond	n.str.masc	brand, blaze; sword	GED
	breda	vb	to roast, broil	GED
	burna	n.wk.masc	burn; fount, source	GED
Frisian:	bran	n	brand; sword	ASD
	briede	vb	to roast	ASD
Old Dutch:	bernen	vb	to burn	ASD
	brand	n	brand, blaze; sword	CDC
Middle Dutch:	borne	n	burn	ODE
	brant	adj	distilled	W7
	brantwijn	n	brandywine	W7
	bro	n	bread	GED
	broeijen	vb.wk	to brood, warm	GED
Dutch:	born/bron	n.fem	bourn	ASD
	braden	vb	to roast, broil	ASD
	brand	n.masc	brand, fire	ASD
	branden	vb	to burn	ASD
	brandewijn	n	brandywine	W7
	brand(t)wijn	n	brandywine	CDC
	broed	n.str.neut	brood	GED
	brood	n	bread	TLL
	brouwen	vb.str	to brew	GED
	gebroed	n.neut	brood	ASD
Old Saxon:	bradon	vb	to roast	GED
	brinnan/brennan	vb.str	to burn	GED/ASD
	brod	n.str.neut	bread	GED
	brunno	n.wk.masc	burn; fount, source	GED
Middle Low German:	born(e)	n	burn	ODE
	brannewin	n	brandywine	CDC
	brant	n.str.masc	brand, blaze	GED
	broien	vb.wk	to burn, scorch	GED
	brot	n	bread	CDC
Low German:	brood	n	bread	CDC
Old High German:	brant	n.str.masc	brand, blaze; sword	GED
	bratan	vb	to roast, broil	GED
	brato	n	piece of flesh	CDC
	brennen	vb.wk	to cause to burn	GED
	brinnan/brennan/prennan	vb.str	to burn	GED/ASD
	briuwan	vb.str	to brew	GED/RPN
	brod/brod	n.neut	broth	W7/ASD
	brot	n.str.neut	bread	GED
	brunno	n.wk.masc	burn; fount, source	GED
	brunst	n.str.fem	blaze, heat	GED
	prod	n	broth	GED
Middle High German:	brant	n.masc	brand, fire	ASD
	brantwein	n	brandywine	CDC
	brate	n	roasted meat	CDC
	braten	vb	to roast	ASD
	brennen	vb	to burn	ASD
	briuwen	vb	to brew	ASD
	brod	n.neut	broth	ASD
	brot	n	bread	CDC
	brüeje	n.fem	brew, broth	GED
	brü(ej)en	vb.wk	to brew; singe, burn, scorch	GED
	brunne/burne	n.masc	bourn	ASD
	bruot	n.str.fem	brood	GED
Early New High German:	aus-brüen	vb.wk	to hatch	GED
German:	Born	n.masc	bourn	ASD
	Brand	n.masc	brand, fire	ASD
	Branntwein	n.masc	spirits, brandywine	LRC
	Braten	n.masc	roasted meat	W7
	braten	vb	to roast, broil	ASD
	Bratwurst	n.fem	bratwurst	LRC
	brauen	vb	to brew	ASD
	brennen	vb	to burn	ASD
	Brot	n.neut	bread	TLL
	Brühe	n.fem	broth	LRC
	Brunnen	n.masc	bourn; fount, source	ASD
	Brut	n.fem	brood	ASD
	Sauerbraten	n	sauerbraten, lit. sour roast	W7
	Schönbrunn	prop.n	Viennese palace, lit. beautiful fountain	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	brenna, brann	vb.str.intrans	to burn, be on fire	LRC
	brenna, brennad	vb.wk.trans	to burn, light, set on fire	LRC
Old Icelandic:	brandr	n.str.masc	brand, blaze	GED
	brasa, brasað	vb	to braze, harden in fire	ICE
	brauð	n.str.neut	bread	GED/RPN
	brenna	vb.wk	to cause to burn	GED
	brinna	vb.str	to burn	GED
	broð	n	broth	GED
	brugga	vb.wk	to brew, prepare through fermentation	GED
	brundr	n.str.masc	blaze, heat	GED
	bruni	n.str.masc	burning	GED
	brunnr	n.str.masc	fount, source	GED
	*bryggja	vb.str	to brew, prepare through fermentation	GED
Icelandic:	brandr	n.masc	brand, fire; sword blade	ASD
	brasa	vb	to braze, harden by fire	CDC
	brauð	n	bread	TLL
	brugga	vb	to brew	ASD
	brunnr	n.masc	bourn	ASD
Danish:	brad	n	joint of meat	CDC
	brand	n	brand, fire	ASD
	brase	vb	to fry, braise	CDC
	brygge	vb	to brew	ASD
	brönd	n.masc/fem	bourn	ASD
	brøt	n	bread	TLL
	brände	vb	to burn	ASD
Swedish:	brand	n.masc	brand, fire	ASD
	brasa	n	flame	CDC
	brunn	n.masc	bourn	ASD
	brygga	vb	to brew	ASD
	bröd	n	bread	TLL
	bränna	vb	to burn	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	*ala-brunsts	n.fem	burnt offering	GED
	brannjan	vb	to burn	ASD
	*brinnan	vb.str.III	to burn	GED
	brinno	n.fem	fever	GED
	brunna	n.str.masc	fount, source	GED
	*gabrannjan	vb.wk.I	to burn up	GED
	*inbrannjan	vb.wk.I	to set on fire	GED
	*ufbrinnan	vb.str.III	to burn up	GED
Crimean Gothic:	*broet/broe	n	bread	CGo/GED
	brunna	n.str.masc	fount, source	GED
Italic
Latin:	defrutum	n	boiled-down cider	GED
	fornix, fornicis	n.masc	arch, vault; brothel	W7
Late Latin:	fornicatus	vb.ptc	arched, vaulted	W7
	fornico, fornicare, fornicatus	vb	to fornicate	W7
New Latin:	fornix	n.fem	anatomical arch/fold	W7
Portuguese:	abrazar	vb	to set on fire	CDC
	bradon/brazon/braon	n	brawn, piece of flesh	CDC
	brandir	vb	to brandish	CDC
	braza	n	ember, live coal	CDC
Old Spanish:	brahon	n	brawn, piece of flesh	CDC
Spanish:	abrasar	vb	to set on fire	CDC
	blandir	vb	to brandish	CDC
	brasa	n.fem	ember, live coal	CDC
	brasero	n.masc	brazier	LRC
Old French:	abraser/esbraser	vb	to set on fire	CDC
	bodne/bonne	n	bourn; bound, limit, destination	CDC
	brand/bran(t)	n	sword	CDC
	brandir	vb	to brandish	W7
	braon	n	meat, brawn	AHD
	broet/broez	n.masc	broth	W7
Anglo-French:	breu	n	brew, broth	AHD
	broiller	vb	to broil, confuse, mix up	AHD
Middle French:	brandir, brandisse	vb	to brandish	W7
	braon	n	brawn, muscle	W7
	brouiller	vb	to broil	W7
	burn/bourne	n.masc	bourn	W7
	embrouiller	vb	to entangle, cover up	W7
French:	borne	n.fem	bound, limit, marker	CDC
	bracier	n	brazier	CDC
	braise	n.fem	ember, live coal(s)	CDC
	braiser	vb	to braise, cook over live coals	CDC
	brandade	n	brandade	AHD
	brandir	vb	to brandish	CDC
	brandon	n	brand, torch	CDC
	braser	vb	to braze	CDC
	embraser	vb	to set on fire	CDC
	embrouiller	vb	to tangle, cloud over	W7
Old Provençal:	brandar	vb	to shake, brandish	AHD
Old Occitan:	brasa	vb	to braise	CDC
Provençal:	bran	n	sword	CDC
	brandado	n	brandade	AHD
	brandir	vb	to brandish	CDC
	brasa	n	ember, live coal	CDC
	embraser	vb	to set on fire	CDC
Italian:	abbraciare	vb	to set on fire	CDC
	braciola	n	braciola	AHD
	bragia/bra(s)cia	n	ember, live coal	CDC
	brandire	vb	to brandish	CDC
	brando	n	sword	CDC
	bresaola	n	bresaola	AHD
	imbrogliare	vb	to entangle	W7
	imbroglio	n.masc	imbroglio, messiness	W7
Slavic
Russian:	bruja	n.fem	current	GED
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	prêthô	vb	to burn, blow into flame	CDC
Greek:	phréar	n	well, reservoir	GED
	phréatos	n	well, reservoir	GED
Armenian
Armenian:	atbiur	n	fount	GED
Indic
Sanskrit:	bhuráti	vb	to move rapidly	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
I	=	class 1
III	=	class 3
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
obs	=	obsolete
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
CGo	=	MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
ICE	=	Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson: An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
MEV	=	J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922)
ODE	=	C.T. Onions: The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (1966)
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

Nearby etyma: previous | next