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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: bhlag- 'to hit, flog, flail'

Semantic Field: to Hit, Strike, Beat

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	flegel	n	flail	W7
Middle English:	bakke/backe	n	bat	W7/CDC
	flagicious	adj	flagitious	W7
	flail/fleil	n	flail	W7
English:	bat	n	nocturnal flying mammal	AHD/W7
	flagellate	adj	having flagellae	AHD/W7
	flagellate	n	flagellate protozoan/alga	AHD/W7
	flagellate	vb.trans	to flail, whip	AHD/W7
	flagellum	n	elongated filiform appendages, as	AHD/W7
	flagitious	adj	villainous, marked by outrageous/scandalous crime/vice	AHD/W7
	flail	n	threshing implement	AHD/W7
	flail	vb	to thrash, strike/thresh with flail	W7
	flog	vb.trans	to lash, beat with rod/whip	AHD/W7
Scots English:	bak/buck	n	bat	CDC
W-Germanic
Old High German:	flegil	n	flail	W7
German:	Flegel	n.masc	flail; boor, brat	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	blaka	vb	to wave	W7
Icelandic:	blaka	n	bat	CDC
Danish:	bakke	n	bat	CDC
Old Swedish:	bakka	n	bat	CDC
	nattbakka	n	bat	W7
Swedish:	batta/blacka	n	bat	CDC
Italic
Latin:	blatta	n	cockroach	CDC
	flagello, flagellare, flagellavi, flagellatus	vb	to flail, whip, lash	W7
	flagellum	n.neut.dim	flail, whip	W7
	flagitiosus	adj	shameful	W7
	flagitium	n.neut	shameful thing	W7
	flagrum	n.neut	whip, lash	W7
Middle Latin:	b(l)atta/blacta	n	bat	CDC
New Latin:	Flagellata	n.neut.pl	class of unicellular organisms	W7
	flagellatus	vb.ptc	flagellated, having flagellae	W7
Middle French:	flaiel	n.masc	flail	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
dim	=	diminutive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
ptc	=	participle
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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