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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: bhle- 'to bleat, weep, howl'

Semantic Fields: Sound (n); to Cry, Weep; Loud

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	bellan	vb	to roar	W7
	blætan	vb	to bleat	W7
	blagettan/blægettan	vb	to cry, shriek, scream	IEW
Middle English:	*blaren/bloren	vb	to blare, cry, weep	CDC
	bleren	vb	to blare	W7
	bleten	vb	to bleat	W7
	feble	adj	feeble	W7
English:	blare	vb	to sound loud/strident	AHD/W7
	bleat	vb	to emit natural cry of sheep/goat	AHD/W7
	feeble	adj	markedly lacking in strength	AHD/W7
Scots English:	blair/bleir	vb	to cry, weep, blare	CDC
W-Germanic
Middle Dutch:	blaren/blaeren	vb	to low, bleat, blare	CDC
	bleten	vb	to bleat	ASD
Dutch:	blaren	vb	to bleat, blare	IEW
	bleeten/blaten	vb	to bleat	ASD
Middle Low German:	blarren	vb	to blare	CDC
	bleten	vb	to bleat	CDC
Low German:	blar(r)en	vb	to blare	CDC
	bleten	vb	to bleat	CDC
Old High German:	blazan	vb	to bleat	ASD
Middle High German:	blazen	vb	to bleat	CDC
	bleren/blerren	vb	to cry, bleat, blare	IEW
German:	bellen	vb	to bark, boom	LRC
	blarren/blärren	vb	to blare	CDC
	blässen	vb	to bleat	IEW
	blätzen	vb	to bleat	CDC
	blöken	vb	to bleat, bellow	CDC
	plär(r)en	vb	to blare, bawl	IEW
Italic
Latin:	balo, balare	vb	to bleat	CDC
	flebilis	adj	wretched, lamentable	W7
	fleo, flere	vb	to weep	W7
Old French:	feble	adj	feeble	W7
Hellenic
Doric:	blêchê	n.fem	bleating, wailing	CDC
Greek:	blêcháomai	vb	to bleat	LS

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
n	=	noun
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
LS	=	Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev.
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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