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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: bhrei-, bhri- 'to fray, pierce, cut with sharp tool'

Semantic Field: to Cut

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	brissim	vb.1.sg	I break	W7
Welsh:	briw	n	wound	RPN
English
Old English:	bryne	n	brine, salt liquor	W7/ASD
Middle English:	brine	n	brine	W7
English:	affricate	n	vocal stop with immediately following release	AHD/W7
	brine	n	saltwater, saline solution	IEW
	brisance	n	crushing/shattering effect of explosive	AHD/W7
	debris	n	ruins, remains of something destroyed/broken down	AHD/W7
	dentifrice	n	liquid/paste/powder for cleaning teeth	AHD/W7
	fray	vb	to fret, wear (cloth edge) by rubbing	AHD/W7
	friable	adj	easily crumbled/pulverized	AHD/W7
	fricative	adj	re: frictional passage of breath through narrowing in vocal tract	AHD/W7
	friction	n	(resistance to) moving one thing in contact with another	AHD/W7
	frottage	n	(producing effect via) rubbing	AHD
W-Germanic
Middle Dutch:	brine	n	brine	W7
German:	Affrikata	n	affricate	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	brandr	n.masc	piece of firewood	LRC
Italic
Latin:	affrico, affricare, affricui, affricatus	vb	to rub against	W7
	friabilis	adj	friable	W7
	frico, fricare, fricui, frictus	vb	to rub	W7
	frictio, frictionis	n.fem	friction	W7
	frio, friare	vb	to crumble	W7
Old French:	brisier	vb	to break	W7
	debrisier	vb	to break to pieces	W7
Middle French:	débris	n.masc	debris	W7
	debriser	vb	to break to pieces	W7
	dentifrice	n.masc	toothpaste	W7
	frayer, froyer	vb	to rub, expend	W7
	friable	adj	friable, easily broken	W7
	friction	n.fem	friction	W7
French:	brisant	vb.ptc	breaking	W7
	briser	vb	to break	W7
	débris	n.masc	debris	W7
	frotter	vb	to rub	AHD
Baltic
Lithuanian:	brezti	vb	to scratch, sketch	RPN
Slavic
Russian Church Slavic:	briju, briti	vb	to shear, clip	RPN
Indic
Sanskrit:	bhrinati	vb	to hurt, injure	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
1	=	1st person
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
ptc	=	participle
sg	=	singular (number)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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