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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. dek- 'to take'

Semantic Field: to Take

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	dech/deg	adj.sup	best	RPN
	dess	adj	(on/toward the) right	GED
Welsh:	deheu	adj	(on/toward the) right	GED
English
Old English:	discipul	n	disciple	W7
Middle English:	ambidexter	n	double-dealer	AHD
	condigne	adj	condign	W7
	deignen	vb	to deign	W7
	deinte	n	dainty	W7
	desdeyne	n	disdain	W7
	desdeynen	vb	to disdain	W7
	destrier	n	destrier	W7
	dignete	n	dignity	W7
	disciple	n	disciple	W7
	discipline	n	discipline	W7
	doctour	n	doctor, teacher	W7
	doctrine	n	doctrine	W7
	document	n	document	W7
	indigne	adj	indign	W7
English:	ambidextrous	adj	using either hand with equal ease	AHD/W7
	condign	adj	deserved, appropriate	AHD/W7
	dainty	n	something delicious to taste	AHD/W7
	decent	adj	appropriate	AHD/W7
	decor	n	decoration	AHD/W7
	decorate	vb.trans	to add honor to	AHD/W7
	decorous	adj	correct, marked by propriety/good taste	AHD/W7
	deign	vb	to think something appropriate to one's dignity	AHD/W7
	destrier	n	war-horse	AHD/W7
	dexter	adj	re: right (hand)	AHD/W7
	dexterity	n	grace/readiness in physical activity	AHD/W7
	dextro-	pfx	re: right (hand)	AHD
	dignify	vb.trans	to ennoble, give distinction to	AHD/W7
	dignity	n	worthy/honored/esteemed state	AHD/W7
	diplodocus	n	very large herbivorous dinosaur	AHD/W7
	disciple	n	student who helps spread teacher's doctrines	AHD/W7
	discipline	n	instruction	AHD/W7
	disdain	n	scorn, feeling of contempt/aversion	AHD/W7
	disdain	vb.trans	to look scornfully upon	AHD/W7
	docent	n	teacher, lecturer	AHD/W7
	Docetism	prop.n	Gnostic doctrine: Jesus had no physical body	AHD
	docile	adj	teachable, easily instructed	AHD/W7
	doctor	n	eminent theologian declared sound expounder of doctrine	AHD/W7
	doctrine	n	teaching, instruction	AHD/W7
	document	n	proof, evidence	AHD/W7
	dogma	n	doctrine, belief held as established opinion	AHD/W7
	dogmatic	adj	re: dogma	AHD/CDC
	doxology	n	expression of praise to God	AHD/W7
	heterodox	adj	contrary to/different from acknowledged standard	AHD/W7
	indign	adj	unworthy, undeserving	AHD/W7
	indignant	adj	re: indignation	AHD/W7
	indignation	n	anger due to meanness/injustice/unworthiness	AHD/W7
	orthodox	adj	conforming to official doctrine	AHD/W7
	pandect	n	complete national law code	AHD/W7
	paradox	n	tenet contrary to common belief	AHD/W7
	synecdoche	n	figure of speech: part for whole or whole for part	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Low Franconian:	tesewa	n.wk.fem	right hand	GED
Old High German:	gi-zehon	vb	to arrange	RPN
	zes(a)wa	n.wk.fem	right hand	GED
	zesawer	adj	right	GED
	zeso	adj	right	GED
German:	Dozent	n.masc	docent	W7
E-Germanic
Gothic:	*taihswa	adj/n.fem	right; right hand/side	GED
Italic
Latin:	condignus	adj	very worthy	W7
	decens, decentis	adj/vb.ptc	fitting	W7
	deceo, decere	vb	to be fitting, proper	W7
	decor, decoris	n.masc	beauty, grace	W7
	decoro, decorare, decoravi, decoratus	vb	to adorn	W7
	decorus	adj	graceful, beautiful	W7
	decus	n.neut	honor, distinction	W7
	dexter	adj	to the right	W7
	dexteritas, dexteritatis	n.fem	dexterity	W7
	dextra, dextrae	n.fem	right hand	LRC
	dignitas, dignitatis	n.fem	dignity, worth	W7
	digno, dignare	vb	to deign, consider worthy	W7
	dignus	adj	worthy	W7
	disciplina, disciplinae	n.fem	learning, discipline, education	LRC
	discipulus	n.masc	pupil	W7
	disco, discere, didici, -	vb	to learn	LRC
	docens, docentis	vb.ptc	re: one who teaches	W7
	doceo, docere, docui, doctum	vb	to teach	LRC
	docilis	adj	docile	W7
	doctor, doctoris	n.masc	teacher	LRC
	doctrina, doctrinae	n.fem	doctrine, what is taught	LRC
	doctus, docta, doctum	adj	learned	LRC
	documentum	n.neut	lesson, proof	W7
	dogma, dogmatis	n.neut	theory, belief	W7
	indignans, indignantis	adj/vb.ptc	indignant	W7
	indignor, indignari	vb.dep	to be indignant	W7
	indignus	adj	unworthy	W7
	pandectes	n.masc	encyclopedic work	W7
	paradoxum	n.neut	paradox	W7
Vulgar Latin:	disdigno, disdignare	vb	to disdain	W7
Late Latin:	ambidexter	adj	ambidextrous	W7
	dignifico, dignificare	vb	to dignify	W7
	discipulus	n.masc	follower of Jesus Christ in his lifetime	W7
	documentum	n.neut	official paper	W7
	heterodoxus	adj	heterodox, with different doctrine/opinion	W7
	orthodoxus	adj	orthodox, following strict beliefs	W7
	Pandectae	n.fem.pl	the Pandects, digest of Roman civil law (6th century A.D.)	W7
Medieval Latin:	doctor	n.masc	doctor, teacher	W7
	doxologia	n.fem	doxology	W7
New Latin:	diplodocus	n.masc	Diplodocus (kind of dinosaur)	W7
Old French:	deignier	vb	to deign	W7
	desciple	n.masc	disciple	W7
	desdeign	n.masc	contempt	W7
	desdeignier	vb	to disdain	W7
	destre	adj/n.masc/fem	right hand	W7
	destrier	adj	right-handed	W7
	digneté, deintié	n.fem	dignity, worth	W7
Middle French:	condigne	adj	very worhty	W7
	décent	adj	fitting	W7
	desdeignier	vb	to disdain	W7
	dexterité, dexterity	n.fem	dexterity	W7
	dignifier	vb	to dignify	W7
	discipline	n.fem	teaching, learning, discipline	W7
	doctour	n.masc	doctor, teacher	W7
	doctrine	n.fem	doctrine, teachings of a doctor	W7
	document	n.masc	official paper	W7
	indigne	adj	indign, not worthy	W7
	orthodoxe	adj	orthodox	W7
French:	décor	n.masc	decor	W7
	décorer	vb	to decorate	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	desinas	adj	right	GED
	desine	n	right hand	GED
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	desnu'	adj	right	GED
Albanian
Albanian:	djathtë	adj	(on/toward the) right	GED
Hellenic
Mycenaean:	de-ki-si-wo	adj	(on/toward the) right	GED
Homeric Greek:	dexiê	n.fem	right hand	GED
	dexiós	adj	(on/toward the) right	GED
	dexiterós	adj	right	GED
	dokéô	vb	to seem, think, fancy	LRC
	dokós	n.masc	beam	LRC
	dóxa	n.fem	view, opinion, expectation	LRC
Greek:	dektós	adj	acceptable	RPN
	dechesthai	vb	to receive	W7
	déchomai	vb	to receive	LRC
	didáskalos	n.masc	teacher	LRC
	didáskô	vb	to teach	LRC
	didachê	n.fem	teaching	LRC
	dógma	n.neut	decree, belief, theory, opinion	LRC
	ekdechesthai	vb	to receive, understand	W7
	ekdoche	n.fem	sense, interpretation	W7
	heterodoxos	adj	with a different opinion or belief	W7
	eudokía	n.fem	satisfaction	LRC
	pandektes	adj	all-receiving	W7
	paradoxon	n.neut	paradox	W7
	paradoxos	adj	contrary to expectation	W7
	synekdoche	n.fem	figure of speech in which part is used for whole	W7
Late Greek:	doxologia	n.fem	examination of other's opinions	W7
	orthodoxos	adj	orthodox, with a right opinion	W7
Armenian
Classical Armenian:	tesanem	vb	to see	LRC
Iranian
Avestan:	dasino	adj	right	GED
Indic
Sanskrit:	dáksa-h	adj	fit, able, clever	RPN
	dáksinas	adj	right	GED
	dasasyáti	vb	to serve, oblige, honor	RPN
	dasa	n	condition, circumstance	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
dep	=	deponent
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pfx	=	prefix
pl	=	plural (number)
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
sup	=	superlative
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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