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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 2. deu-, or dou- : du- 'to worship, venerate; mighty'

Semantic Fields: to Worship; Strong, Mighty, Powerful

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	geatwe	n.fem.pl	arms, equipment	W7/ASD
	here-geatwe	n.fem.pl	military equipment	W7
	tawian	vb	to prepare for use	W7
	tol	n	tool	W7
	tow-	pfx	spinning	W7
Middle English:	beatitude	n	beatitude	AHD
	beaute/bewty	n	beauty	W7/MEV
	beldam	n	grandmother, old woman	W7
	benediccioun	n	benediction	W7
	benefactor	n	benefactor	AHD
	benefice	n	benefice	W7
	benefit	n	benefit	W7
	bon	n	bone	W7
	bonie	adj	bonny	W7
	bounte	n	bounty, goodness, excellence	W7
	debonere	adj	debonair	W7
	embelisshen	vb	to embellish	W7
	heriot	n	heriot	W7
	tawen	vb	to taw, tan	W7
	tool	n	tool	W7
	tow	n	tow	W7
English:	aerodyne	n	heavier-than-air aircraft	AHD
	beatify	vb.trans	to make supremely happy	AHD/W7
	beatitude	n	state of utmost bliss	AHD/W7
	beau	n	dandy	AHD/W7
	beauty	n	loveliness, quality that gives pleasure	AHD/W7
	beldam	n	old woman	AHD/W7
	belle	n	popular attractive girl/woman	AHD/W7
	bene-	pfx	good, helpful	TLL
	benediction	n	invocation of blessing	AHD/W7
	benefaction	n	good deed, act of benefitting	AHD/W7
	benefactor	n	one who makes gift/bequest	AHD
	benefic	adj	beneficent	AHD/W7
	benefice	n	eccesiastical office with endowment revenue	AHD/W7
	beneficence	n	state/quality of doing/producing good	AHD/W7
	benefit	n	act of kindness	AHD/W7
	benevolent	adj	re: benevolence, good intentions	AHD
	bonanza	n	large/rich ore vein carrying gold/silver	AHD/W7
	bonbon	n	candy with chocolate coating, fondant center	AHD/W7
	bonito	n	type of medium-sized tuna	AHD/W7
	bonny	adj	fine, attractive, handsome	AHD/W7
	bonus	n	something given, beyond what is usual/strictly due	AHD/W7
	boon	adj	benign, bounteous	AHD/W7
	bounty	n	generosity, liberality in giving	AHD/W7
	debonair	adj	gentle, courteous	AHD/W7
	dynamic	adj	re: physical force/energy	AHD/W7
	dynamite	n	powerful explosive based on nitroglycerin	AHD/CDC
	dynast	n	ruler	AHD/W7
	dynasty	n	succession of sovereigns from same line/family	AHD/CDC
	embellish	vb.trans	to decorate, make beautiful with ornamentation	AHD/W7
	heriot	n	feudal duty/tribute due to lord upon death of tenant	AHD/W7
	heterodyne	adj	re: (waves) being unmatched producing beats	TLL
	taw	vb.trans	to tan with alum/salt, convert skin into leather	AHD/W7
	tool	n	implement, instrument (e.g. hammer) used/worked by hand	AHD/W7
	tow	n	short broken fiber(s) of flax/hemp/jute	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Middle High German:	zwiden	vb	to grant	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	to	n	tuft of wool for spinning	W7
	tól	n.neut	tool	LRC
Icelandic:	tól	n.pl	tools	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	taujan	vb.wk.I	to do, make	LRC
	tiuhan	vb.str.II	to lead, guide	LRC
Italic
Latin:	beatitudo	n	beatitude	W7
	beatus	adj	happy	W7
	bellus	adj	pretty	W7
	bene	adv	well	W7
	benefacio, benefacere	vb	to do a service	AHD/CLD
	beneficentia	n.fem	beneficence, good deeds	W7
	beneficium	n.neut	favor, benefit	W7
	beneficus	adj	generous, liberal, beneficient	W7
	beo, beare	vb	to bless, enrich, make happy	AHD/CLD
	bonitas, bonitatis	n.fem	goodness	W7
	bonus	adj	good	W7
	dynastes	n.masc	dynast, ruler, prince	W7
Vulgar Latin:	*bellitas	n	beauty	AHD
Late Latin:	beatifico, beatificare	vb	to beatify	W7
	benedico, benedicere, benedixi, benedictus	vb	to bless	W7
	benedictio, benedictionis	n.fem	blessing, benediction	W7
	benefactio, benefactionis	n.fem	benefaction	W7
	benefactor	n	benefactor	AHD
Medieval Latin:	beneficium	n.neut	benefice	W7
	bonacia	n.fem	calm at sea	W7
Spanish:	bonanza	n.fem	calm at sea	W7
	bonito	adj	pretty	W7
Old French:	beatitude	n	beatitude	AHD
	beauté/biauté	n.fem	beauty	MEV/W7
	bel, biau	adj	beautiful	W7
	benedicion	n	benediction	AHD
	benefice	n	benefice	AHD
	benevolent	adj	benevolent	AHD
	bienfait	n	benefit, good deed	AHD
	bon	adj	good	W7
	bonté	n.fem	bounty, goodness, excellence	W7
	debonaire	adj	debonair, benevolent, re: goodwill	W7
Anglo-French:	benfet	n.masc	benefit, benefaction	W7
Middle French:	beatifier	vb	to beatify	W7
	bel	adj	beautiful	W7
	benefice	n.masc	benefit; benefice	W7
	bon	adj	good	W7
	embelir, embeliss-	vb	to embellish	W7
French:	beatifier	vb	to beatify	AHD
	beau	adj	fine, beautiful	W7
	belle	adj.fem	fine, beautiful	W7
	bon	adj	good	W7
	bonbon	n.masc	candy	W7
	dynamique	adj	dynamic, moving	W7
Italian:	benchè	conj	although	TLL
Hellenic
Greek:	adúnatos	adj	impossible	LRC
	dúnamai	vb.dep	to be able	LRC
	dynamikos	adj	powerful	W7
	dúnamis	n.fem	power	LRC
	dynastes	n.masc	dynast	W7
	dunatós	n.neut	possible	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
I	=	class 1
II	=	class 2
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
conj	=	conjunction
dep	=	deponent
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pfx	=	prefix
pl	=	plural (number)
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
CLD	=	Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
MEV	=	J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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