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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: 2. dher-, dheru- 'to hold, support'

Semantic Field: to Hold

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	drong	n	troop	GED
English
Old English:	darian	vb	to lurk, lie hidden, be concealed	IEW
	d(i)ernan/dyrnan	vb.wk	to dern	OED/ASD
	dreogan, dreag, drugon, drogen	vb.str.II	to endure, suffer; perform, carry out	LRC
	drihten/dryhten	n.str.masc	lord, prince, ruler	GED
	dryge	adj	dry	LRC
	dryht/driht	n.str.fem	troop	GED/ASD
	dyrne/d(i)erne	adj/n.neut	secret, hidden, obscure	ASD
	ge-dreag	n.str.neut	troop	GED
	indrihten/indryhten	adj	(very) noble	ASD
Middle English:	affermen	vb	to affirm	W7
	confirmen	vb	to confirm	W7
	ferm	n	firm	W7
	ferme	n	rent, lease	W7
	infirm	adj	infirm	W7
	t(h)rone	n	throne	W7
English:	affirm	vb	to confirm, validate	AHD/W7
	confirm	vb.trans	to strengthen, make firm(er)	AHD/W7
	Darius	prop.n	old Persian Achaemenid king name	AHD
	dern/darn	vb	to hide, conceal, keep secret	OED
	Derndingle	prop.n	entmoot locale in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Dernhelm	prop.n	Eowyn's nom de guerre in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	dharma	n	law/custom regarded as duty	AHD/W7
	dharna	n	fast(ing) at debtor's door	AHD/CDC
	Drogo	prop.n	Frodo's father in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	farm	n	fixed sum payable at fixed intervals	AHD/W7
	fermata	n	prolongation of musical note/chord/rest at discretion of performer	AHD/W7
	firm	adj	securely/solidly fixed in place	AHD/W7
	firm	n	name/style/title by which company conducts business	AHD/W7
	firmament	n	heavens, arch/vault of sky	AHD/W7
	infirm	adj	re: poor/deteriorated vitality	AHD/W7
	infirmary	n	lodging for treatment of sick/infirm	AHD/W7
	sirdar	n	person of high rank, esp. in India	AHD/W7
	tahsildar	n	revenue officer in India	AHD/W7
	throne	n	chair of state of king/prince/bishop	AHD/W7
	zamindar	n	district land revenue collector in India	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	dern/dren	adj	hidden	ASD
	dracht/drecht	n.str.fem	troop	GED/ASD
	drochten	n.str.masc	lord	GED
Frisian:	dregte	n	people, multitude, army	ASD
Old Saxon:	derni	adj	secret	ASD
	dernjan	vb	to dern	OED
	drohtin	n.str.masc	lord	GED
	druht-folc	n	army	GED
	druht-scepi	n	authority	GED
Old High German:	tarnan/tarnen	vb	to dern	OED
	tarni	adj	hidden	ASD
	tru(h)t	n.fem	multitude	ASD
	truhtin	n.str.masc	lord	GED
Middle High German:	truht	n.str.fem	troop	GED
German:	Firma	n.fem	firm, business	W7
	tarnen	vb	to dern, disguise	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	drangr	n	rock peak	KNW
	draugr	n.masc	ghost, undead man	LRC
	drengr	n.masc	tree trunk; (gallant) fellow; (young) warrior	KNW
	dróttinn	n.masc	lord, leader of host	LRC
Old Icelandic:	drottning	n.fem	queen	GED
	drott	n.str.fem	troop	GED
	drottinn	n.str.masc	lord	GED
Icelandic:	drott	n.fem	people	ASD
	drottinn	n	leader, ruler	ASD
Danish:	dreng	n	boy	TLL
Swedish:	tron	n	throne	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	*drauhtinassus	n.masc	campaign	GED
	*drauhtinon	vb.wk.II	to perform military service	GED
	drauhti-witoþ	n.neut	campaign	GED
	driugan	vb	to perform military service	ASD
	ga-drauhts	n.masc	soldier	ASD
Italic
Latin:	affirmo, affirmare	vb	to affirm	W7
	confirmo, confirmare	vb	to confirm	W7
	fere	adv	almost	LRC
	firmamentum	n.neut	support	W7
	firmo, firmare	vb	to make firm, strengthen	W7
	firmus	adj	firm, strong, stout	RPN
	infirmus	adj	infirm, weak	W7
	thronus	n.masc	throne	W7
Late Latin:	firmamentum	n.neut	firmament, sky	W7
Old French:	afermer	vb	to affirm	AHD
	confirmer	vb	to confirm	W7
	ferme	n.fem	lease	W7
	fermer	vb	to lease (land)	W7
	trône	n.masc	throne	W7
Middle French:	afermer	vb	to affirm	W7
	ferm	adj	firm	W7
	firmament	n.masc	sky	W7
Italian:	fermare	vb	to stop	W7
	fermata	n.fem	stop, stay, sojourn	W7
	firma	n.fem	signature	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	dirztù, dirzti	vb	to grow hard, become firm	RPN
	dirzùs	adj	solid, firm	RPN
	draugas	n	companion	GED
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	drugu'	n.masc/adj/pron	friend; one; another	LRC
	druzina	n	troop	GED
	dru'zjo, dru'zati	vb	to hold	RPN
Hellenic
Greek:	athróos	adj	together	LRC
	thronos	n.masc	throne, chair	W7
Iranian
Old Persian:	dar-	vb	to hold	RPN
	Daraya-vahu-	prop.n	Darius, lit. upholding the good	GED
Persian:	-dar	n	holder	W7
	zamindar	n	tax collector	W7
Avestan:	dar-	vb	to hold, keep	RPN
	darz-	vb	to hold, fasten	RPN
	duruzra-	adj	firm, strong	RPN
	drva-	adj	firm, sound	RPN
Indic
Sanskrit:	drhyati	vb	to be strong	RPN
	dharúna-h	adj	holding, supporting	RPN
	dhartrá-m	n	support, prop	RPN
	dharma	n	conformity to one's duty/nature	W7
	dharáyati	vb	to hold, bear, keep	GED/RPN
	dhrti-h	n	firmness, resolution	RPN
Hindi:	zamindar	n	land tax-collector	W7
	tahsildar	n	revenue officer (in India)	W7
	sardar	n	person of high rank	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
II	=	class 2
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pron	=	pronoun
prop	=	proper
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
KNW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
OED	=	James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933)
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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