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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: dheragh- 'to drag, pull'

Semantic Field: to Draw, Pull

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	dræge	n	dragnet	W7
	dragan	vb.irr	to drag, draw, pull	W7/ASD
Middle English:	dragen	vb	to draw	W7
	draggen	vb	to drag	W7
	draght	n	draft, move in chess	W7
	drawen	vb	to draw	W7
	draye	n	dray, wheelless vehicle	W7
English:	draft	n	act of drawing net	AHD/W7
	drag	vb	to haul, draw slowly/heavily	AHD/W7
	draw, drew, drawn	vb	to drag, haul, cause to move continuously	AHD/W7
	dray	n	vehicle for hauling goods	AHD/W7
	dredge	n	boat anchor	IEW
	droshky	n	2/4-wheeled (Russian) carriage	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	draga/drega	vb	to bear	ASD
Frisian:	dreag(j)en/dreyn	vb	to drag, draw	ASD
Dutch:	dragen	vb	to bear	ASD
	drager	n	(mechanical) bearing	TLL
	trekken	vb	to drag, pull	LRC
Old Saxon:	dragan	vb	to bear	ASD
Old High German:	tragan	vb	to bear, carry	ASD
Middle High German:	tragen	vb	to bear, endure	ASD
German:	tragen	vb	to bear, carry; wear	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	draga	vb	to drag, draw, haul	LRC
Icelandic:	draga	vb	to drag, carry	ASD
Danish:	drage	vb	to drag, draw, carry	ASD
	trække	vb	to drag, pull	LRC
Swedish:	draga	vb	to drag, pull; wear	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	dragan	vb	to carry	ASD
Italic
Latin:	detraho, detrahere, detraxi, detractum	vb	to remove, take off	LRC
	traho, trahere	vb	to draw, drag	W7
Slavic
Russian:	droga	n	wagon pole	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
irr	=	irregular
n	=	noun
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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