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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: dhreibh- 'to drive, push, thrust'

Semantic Fields: to Drive; to Push, Shove

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	draf	n.fem	drove	W7/ASD
	drifan/dryfan	vb.str.I	to drive	GED/ASD
	ge-drif	n.neut	something driven off	GED
Northumbrian:	drifa	vb.str	to drive	LRC
Middle English:	drift	n	drift	W7
	driven	vb	to drive	W7
	drove	n	drove	W7
English:	drift	n	act/result of driving something along	AHD/W7
	drive, drove, driven	vb.str	to move rapidly, impart forward motion via physical force	AHD/W7
	drove	n	animals driven/moving together	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	driva	vb.str.I	to drive	GED
Frisian:	drieuwen	vb	to drive, force	ASD
Dutch:	drijven	vb	to drive, force	ASD
Old Saxon:	driban	vb.str.I	to drive	GED
Old High German:	triban	vb.str.I	to drive	GED
Middle High German:	triben	vb	to drive, force	ASD
	trift	n.str.fem	drift, driving snow	GED
German:	treiben	vb	to drive, force	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	drífa	vb	to drive, rush; to crowd, throng	LRC
Old Icelandic:	drif	n.neut	something driven off	GED
	drifa/drift	n.fem	drift, driving snow	GED
Icelandic:	drif	n	driven snow	ASD
	drifa	vb	to drive, force	ASD
Danish:	drive	vb	to drive, force	ASD
Swedish:	drifva	vb	to drive, force	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	*dreiban	vb.str.I	to drive	GED
	*us-dreiban	vb.str.I	to drive out	GED
Baltic
Lithuanian:	drìbti	vb	to fall down (in flakes)	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
I	=	class 1
fem	=	feminine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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