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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: dhreu- 'to grind, crumble'

Semantic Field: to Grind

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	bedreosan, bedreas, bedruron, bedroren	vb.str.II	to bereave, deprive of	LRC
	dreor	n.masc	blood, gore	W7/ASD
	dreorig	adj/adv	sad, bloody, dreary; sadly, bloodily	LRC
	dropa	n.masc	drop	W7/ASD
	dryppan	vb	to drip	W7
	-drysnian	sfx	to disappear	W7
Middle English:	drery	adj	dreary	W7
	drippen	vb	to drip	W7
	drop	n	drop	W7
	drupen	vb	to droop	W7
	drysnen	vb	to fall	W7
English:	dreary	adj	sad, doleful	AHD/W7
	drip	vb	to (allow to) fall in drops	AHD/W7
	drizzle	vb	to sprinkle, rain lightly/in small drops	AHD/W7
	droop	vb	to hang/incline downward	AHD/W7
	drop	n	quantity of fluid falling in spherical mass	AHD/W7
	drowse	vb	to fall into light slumber	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	dropta	n	dropping	ASD
Dutch:	drop	n.masc	drop	ASD
Old Saxon:	dropo	n.masc	drop	ASD
	dror	n.masc	blood, gore	ASD
Old High German:	tro(p)fo	n.masc	drop	ASD
	tror	n	blood, gore	ASD
	truren	vb	to be sad	W7
Middle High German:	tropfe	n.masc	drop	ASD
	tror	n.masc	blood, dripping	ASD
German:	Tropfen	n.masc	drop	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	drupa	vb	to droop	W7
Icelandic:	dreyri/dröri	n.masc	blood, gore	ASD
	dropi	n.masc	drop	ASD
Danish:	draabe	n.masc/fem	drop	ASD
	dryp	n.neut	drop	ASD
Swedish:	droppe	n.masc	drop	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	driusan	vb.str	to fall	W7/GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
II	=	class 2
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
sfx	=	suffix
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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