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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: e-neuen, neun, enun 'nine'

Semantic Field: Number

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	noi	nbr.card	nine (9)	EIE
	nomad	nbr.ord	ninth (9th)	EIE
Irish:	naoi	nbr.card	nine (9)	LRC
Scots Gaelic:	naoi	nbr.card	nine (9)	LRC
Manx:	nuy	nbr.card	nine (9)	LRC
Middle Welsh:	naw	nbr.card	nine (9)	EIE
	nawuet	nbr.ord	ninth (9th)	EIE
Gaulish:	namet	nbr.ord	ninth (9th)	EIE
English
Old English:	hundnigontig	nbr.card	hundred ninety (190)	W7
	nigon	nbr.card	nine (9)	W7
	nigontiene	nbr.card	nineteen (19)	W7/ASD
	nigontig	nbr.card	ninety (90)	W7
	nigoða	nbr.ord	ninth (9th)	EIE
	non	n.neut	noon, none	W7/ASD
Middle English:	nine/nyne	adj	nine (9)	W7
	ninety	nbr.card	ninety (90)	W7
	nonys	n.pl	nones	W7
	noon	n	noon	W7
	Novembre	prop.n	November	W7
	nynetene	nbr.card	nineteen (19)	W7
English:	ennead	n	nine	AHD/W7
	nine	nbr.card	9	AHD/W7
	nineteen	nbr.card	19	AHD/W7
	ninety	nbr.card	90	AHD/W7
	ninth	nbr.ord	9th	AHD
	nonagenarian	n	person in his/her nineties	AHD/W7
	nonagon	n	polygon of nine sides/angles	AHD/W7
	none	n	ninth hour from sunrise	W7
	nones	n.pl	9th day before Ides of month	AHD/W7
	noon	n	midday, middle of day	AHD/W7
	November	prop.n	11th month (in Gregorian calendar)	AHD/W7
	novena	n	nine-day devotion (Roman Catholicism)	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	nigun	nbr.card	nine (9)	ASD
Old Saxon:	nigun	nbr.card	nine (9)	ASD
	non/nuon	n	noon, none	ASD
Old High German:	niun	nbr.card	nine (9)	W7
	niunte/niunto	nbr.ord	ninth (9th)	EIE
German:	neun	nbr.card	nine	LRC
	neunzehn	nbr.card	nineteen	LRC
	neunzig	nbr.card	ninety	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	niundi/niunde	nbr.ord	ninth (9th)	EIE
	niu/nío	nbr.card	nine (9)	EIE
Icelandic:	níu	nbr.card	nine (9)	ASD
	non	n.neut	none	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	niun	nbr.card	nine (9)	ASD
	niunda	nbr.ord	ninth (9th)	EIE
Crimean Gothic:	nyne	nbr.card	nine (9)	EIE
Italic
Latin:	nona	n.fem	none	W7
	nonae	n.fem.pl	nones, 5th day of month	W7
	nonus	adj	ninth (9th)	W7
	novem	nbr.card	nine (9)	W7
	November	prop.n.masc	November, ninth month (in Roman calendar)	W7
	novenus	adj	nine each	W7
Medieval Latin:	novena	n.fem	novena	W7
Portuguese:	nove	num.card	nine (9)	TLL
Spanish:	nueve	num.card	nine (9)	TLL
Old French:	Novembre	prop.n.masc	November	W7
French:	neuf	num.card	nine (9)	TLL
Italian:	nove	num.card	nine (9)	TLL
Baltic
Old Prussian:	newints	nbr.ord	ninth (9th)	EIE
Lithuanian:	deviñtas	nbr.ord	ninth (9th)	EIE
	devynì	nbr.card	nine (9)	EIE
Latvian:	devini	nbr.card	nine (9)	EIE
	devîtais	nbr.ord	ninth (9th)	EIE
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	deveti	nbr.card	nine (9)	EIE
	devetu	nbr.ord	ninth (9th)	EIE
Russian:	dévjati	nbr.card	nine (9)	EIE
	devjátyj	nbr.ord	ninth (9th)	EIE
Albanian
Albanian:	nëndë/nëntë	nbr.card	nine (9)	EIE
	nëndë/nëntë	nbr.ord	ninth (9th)	EIE
Gheg:	nândë/nântë	nbr.card	nine (9)	EIE
Hellenic
Greek:	énatos	nbr.ord	ninth (9th)	EIE
	ennéa	nbr.card	nine (9)	EIE
	enneas	n.fem	group of nine	W7
Anatolian
Lycian:	nuñ-	nbr.card	nine (9)	EIE
Armenian
Armenian:	inn	nbr.card	nine (9)	EIE
Iranian
Avestan:	naoma-	nbr.ord	ninth (9th)	EIE
	nava	nbr.card	nine (9)	EIE
Indic
Sanskrit:	náva	nbr.card	nine (9)	EIE
	navamá-	nbr.ord	ninth (9th)	EIE
Tocharian
Tocharian B:	ñu	nbr.card	nine (9)	EIE
	ñunte	nbr.ord	ninth (9th)	EIE
Tocharian A:	ñu	nbr.card	nine (9)	EIE

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
card	=	cardinal
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
nbr	=	number
neut	=	neuter (gender)
num	=	numeral
ord	=	ordinal
pl	=	plural (number)
prop	=	proper

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
EIE	=	J.P. Mallory and D.Q. Adams, eds. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture (1997)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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