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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 2. ere-s-, _ers-, rs-, _eres-, and res-, ros- 'to flow'

Semantic Field: to Flow

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	eorre/ierre	adj	irate, wandering, embittered	GED
	eorre	n.neut	ire	ASD
	eorsian/yrsian	vb.wk	to make irate	GED
	ræs	n.masc	rush, race	W7/ASD
	ræsan, ræsde, ræsed	vb.wk.I	to rush, hasten	LRC
Middle English:	erratic	adj	erratic	W7
	erren	vb	to err	W7
	erroneous	adj	erroneous	W7
	errour	n	error	W7
	ire	n	ire	GED
	ras	n	race	W7
	rosmarine	n	rosemary	W7
English:	aberrant	adj	abnormal, deviating from proper/expected course	AHD
	aberration	n	act of strayng from normal state/moral standard	AHD/W7
	drosera	n	insectivorous plant in sundew family	AHD/W7
	drosophila	n	small two-winged fly	AHD/W7
	err	vb.intrans	to stray	AHD/W7
	errant	adj	roving, traveling, seeking adventure	AHD/W7
	erratic	adj	wandering, having no fixed course	AHD/W7
	erratum	n	corrigendum	AHD/W7
	erroneous	adj	wandering	AHD/W7
	error	n	mistake, ignorant/imprudent act/condition deviating from norm	AHD/W7
	irascible	adj	hot-tempered, easily provoked	AHD/W7
	irate	adj	angry, wrathful	LRC
	ire	n	wrath, anger	GED
	race	n	act of running	AHD/W7
	rishi	n	divinely inspired Indian poet/sage	AHD
	rosemary	n	fragrant shrubby mint	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	irre	adj	irate, embittered	GED
Old Saxon:	irrean	vb.wk	to err, confuse	GED
	irri	adj	irate, embittered	GED
Old High German:	irran	vb.wk	to err, confuse	GED
	irri	adj	irate, perplexed	GED
	irrida	n.wk.masc	sin, error	GED
	irron	vb.wk	to be confused	GED
Middle High German:	irre	n.str.fem	sin, error	GED
German:	irr	adj	irate	LRC
	irren	vb	to err	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	ras	n	race	W7
Icelandic:	rás	n.fem	race, running	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	af-airzjan	vb.wk.I	to deceive; stray, be misled	GED
	*airzei	n.fem	heresy	GED
	*airzeis	adj	deceived, in error	GED
	*airzjan	vb.wk.I	to mislead	GED
Italic
Latin:	aberro, aberrare, aberravi, aberratus	vb	to go astray	W7
	erraticus	adj	erratic	W7
	erratum	n.neut	erratum, mistake	W7
	erro, errare, erravi, erratus	vb	to err, wander	W7
	erro, erronis	n.masc	wanderer, vagabond	W7
	erroneus	adj	erroneous	W7
	error, erroris	n.masc	error, mistake, wandering	LRC
	ira, irae	n.fem	ire	LRC
	irascor, irasci	vb	to be(come) irate	W7
	rorarii	n.masc.pl	skirmishers	W7
	ros, roris	n.masc	dew	W7
	rosmarinus	n.masc	rosemary	W7
Late Latin:	irascibilis	adj	easily angered	W7
New Latin:	drosera	n.fem	genus: plants in sundew family	W7
	drosophila	n.fem	genus: small fly	W7
Old French:	errer	vb	to err, travel	W7
	errour	n.fem	error	W7
	ire	n.fem	ire	W7
Middle French:	erratique	adj	erratic	W7
	irascible	adj	irascible	W7
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	areiê	n	threatenings	GED
Greek:	Árês	n.masc	Ares	LRC
	droseros	adj	dewy	W7
	drosos	n.fem	dew	W7
	eroe	n.fem	respite	W7
Anatolian
Hittite:	arsanai-	vb	to envy, grow angry	GED
Armenian
Armenian:	eram	vb	to seethe, be disquieted	GED
	her	n	ire	GED
Iranian
Old Persian:	arshan-	n	man, hero	AHD
	khshayarshan-	vb.ptc	lit. ruling over men	AHD
Avestan:	arusyant-	adj	envious	GED
Indic
Sanskrit:	irasyáti	vb	to be irate	GED
Tocharian
Tocharian B:	arsaklai	n	snake	GED
Tocharian A:	arsal	n	poisonous reptile	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
I	=	class 1
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
ptc	=	participle
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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