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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. gel- 'to curl, form into ball; round'

Semantic Field: Round (adj)

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Welsh:	elain	n	hind	GED
Gaulish:	galba	n	very fat man	GED
English
Old English:	æt-cliðende	vb.pres.ptc	adhering	LRC
	cælf, calfur	n	calf (bovine)	GED
	calf/ce(a)lf	n	calf (bovine)	GED
	ceolbor	n.fem	female lamb	GED
	ceolbor-lomb	n.neut	female lamb	GED
	cild	n.neut	child	W7/IEW
	clæg	n	clay	W7
	claþ	n.masc	cloth, [pl.] clothes	KEW/ASD
	clawu	n.fem	claw, hoof	IEW
	*cleat	n	cleat	W7
	cliewe/clywe	n.fem	clew	IEW/ASD
	cli(e)wen/clywen/cleowen	n.neut	clew, globe	IEW/ASD
	clif/clyf/cleof	n.neut	cliff, rock	RPN/ASD
	clim(b)an/climmian	vb	to climb	W7/ASD
	climman	vb	to clamber	IEW
	clingan, clang, clungon, clungen	vb.str	to cling	IEW/ASD
	cli(o)fian/clyfian/cleofian	vb	to cleave	W7/ASD
	clodd	n	clod	IEW
	clud	n.masc	hill, mass of rock	RPN/ASD
	clut	n.masc	clout, patch, piece of metal	IEW/ASD
	clyccan	vb	to clutch	IEW/W7
	colt	n.masc	colt	IEW/ASD
	(g)ealla	n.masc	gall, sore on horse	ODE/ASD
Middle English:	calf	n	calf	W7
	child	n	child	W7
	clambren	vb	to clamber	W7
	claspe	n	clasp	W7
	clawe	n	claw	W7
	clay	n	clay	W7
	clenchen	vb	to clench	W7
	clete	n	cleat, wedge	W7
	clevien	vb	to cleave	W7
	clewe	n	clew	W7
	clif	n	cliff	W7
	climben	vb	to climb	W7
	clingen	vb	to cling	W7
	clod	n	clod	W7
	cloth	n	cloth	W7
	clout	n	clout	W7
	clubbe	n	club	W7
	clucchen	vb	to clutch	W7
	culp(e)	n	kelp	W2I
	galle	n	gall	W7
	glu	n	glue	W7
English:	agglutinate	vb	to fasten, cause to adhere	AHD/W7
	calf, calves	n	young bovine(s)	W7
	calf	n	hind part of leg below knee	W7
	child, children	n	infant, young person	IEW/W7
	clamber	vb	to climb, scramble up	IEW
	clammy	adj	damp soft and sticky	IEW/W7
	clasp	n	hook/device for holding things together	W7
	clasp	vb	to grasp, embrace, fasten with clasp	IEW/W7
	claw	n	sharp nail on toe of animal	IEW/W7
	clay	n	earthy material: plastic if moist but hard after firing	AHD/W7
	cleat	n	wedge-like fitting/fastener	IEW/W7
	cleave, clove/clave	vb.str/wk	to cling, stick, adhere	W7
	clench/clinch	vb	to clasp, fasten, ball (the fist)	IEW
	clew	n	ball of thread/string/yarn	IEW/W7
	cliff	n	precipice, steep rock face/slope	RPN/ODE
	climb	vb	to rise, go/slope upward	W7
	cling, clung	vb.str	to hold, adhere	IEW/W7
	clod	n	lump/mass of earth/clay	IEW/W7
	cloth	n	pliable fabric	W7
	clothes	n.pl	garments	LRC
	clothing	n	clothes	W7
	cloud	n	billowy fog/mist/haze in sky	IEW/W7
	clout	n	rag, piece of cloth/leather	IEW/W7
	club	n	heavy stick, tapering staff	IEW/W7
	clutch	vb	to grasp/hold with hand/claws	IEW/W7
	colt	n	foal, young (male) horse	IEW/W7
	conglutinate	vb	to unite via gummy substance	AHD/W7
	deglutinate	vb	to unglue; loosen, separate	AHD/CDC
	eland	n	African antelope	GED
	gall	n	flaw; skin sore due to chafing	W7
	gall	n	plant tissue swelling due to parasite	W7
	gall	vb	to chafe, wear; vex, irritate	W7
	gallnut	n	(plant) gall resembling nut	W7
	gley	n	sticky clay under surface of waterlogged soils	AHD/W7
	gliadin	n	simple protein found in grain	AHD/W7
	globe	n	something round/spherical	W7
	glue	n	protein with adhesive properties	AHD/W7
	gluten	n	elastic protein in flour giving dough cohesiveness	AHD/W7
	glutinous	adj	gluey, gummy	AHD/W7
	kelp	n	(ashes of) seaweed	IEW/W2I
	klipspringer	n	small agile African antelope	AHD
	klutz	n	clumsy/stupid person	LRC
	mesoglea	n	gelatinous substance between endoderm/ectoderm	AHD/W7
	neuroglia	n	supporting tissue intermingled with.essential elements of nervous tissue esp. in.brain, spinal cord, and ganglia	AHD/W7
	zooglea	n	mass formed by bacteria in fluid rich in organic material	AHD/W7
Scots English:	claith/clayth	n	cloth	ASD
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	klad/klath/kleth	n.neut	cloth	ASD
	klai	n	clay	ASD
Frisian:	klaed	n	cloth	ASD
	klaey	n	clay	ASD
Old Frankish:	calf	n	calf (bovine)	GED
Middle Dutch:	galle	n	gall, sore on horse	ODE
	klippe	n	cliff, rock	AHD
Dutch:	eland	n	elk, eland	GED
	kalf	n	calf (bovine)	TLL
	klauw	n	claw	TLL
	kleed	n.neut	cloth	ASD
	kleeren	n	clothes	TLL
	kleeven	vb	to cleave, adhere	ASD
	klei	n.fem	clay	ASD
	klip	n.fem	cliff, rock	ASD
	kloot	n.masc	clod, rock, hill	ASD
	kl(o)uwen	n.neut	clew	ASD
	kluit	n.fem	rock, hill	ASD
Afrikaans:	klipspringer	n	klipspringer	AHD
Old Saxon:	clif/klif	n.neut	cliff	RPN/ASD
	klibon	vb	to cleave, adhere	ASD
Middle Low German:	galle	n	gall, sore on horse	ODE
Low German:	klint	n	cliff, rock	RPN
Old High German:	chalb	n.str.neut	calf (bovine)	GED
	chalba	n.fem	female calf	GED
	chalbire	n.dat.sg	calf (bovine)	GED
	clep	n	cliff, rock	ASD
	cliuwi	n.neut	clew	ASD
	kilbur	n.neut	female lamb	GED
	kilburra	n.fem	female lamb	GED
	klaftra	n.fem	fathom	GED
	kleben/klebjan	vb	to cleave, adhere	ASD
	kliuwa	n.fem	clew	ASD
	kliwa	n	bran	W7
	kloz	n.masc	clod, lump, mass	ASD
Middle High German:	galle	n	gall, flaw, fault	ODE
	kleit	n.neut	cloth	ASD
	kliuwel	n.neut	clew	ASD
	kloz	n.masc	clod, lump, block	ASD
German:	Kalb	n.neut	calf (bovine)	LRC
	Klafter	n.masc	fathom	LRC
	Klaue	n	claw	TLL
	Klei/Klai	n.masc	clay	ASD
	kle(i)ben	vb	to cleave, adhere	ASD
	Kleid	n.neut	cloth; frock, dress	ASD/TLL
	Kleider	n.neut.pl	clothes	TLL
	Klippe	n.fem	cliff, crag, rock	RPN/ASD
	klosz	n.masc	rock, hill	ASD
	Klotz	n.masc	brick, block; klutz	LRC
Yiddish:	klots	n	klutz	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	galli	n	gall, flaw, fault	ODE
	kleggi	n.masc	clay	ASD
	klubba	n	club, cudgel	IEW
Old Icelandic:	kalfi	n.masc	calf (of leg)	GED
	kalfr	n.masc	calf (bovine)	GED
	klapr	n.masc	box	GED
	kleif	n	cliff, ridge	RPN
	klettr	n	cliff, rock	RPN
	klé	n	stone to steady a loom	RPN
	klif	n	cliff	RPN
	klopp	n	stepping-stone	GED
Icelandic:	klif	n.neut	cliff	ASD
	klot	n.neut	knob on sword's hilt	ASD
	klæði	n.neut	cloth	ASD
Danish:	kalv	n	calf (bovine)	TLL
	klippe	n.masc/fem	cliff, rock	ASD
	klo	n	claw	TLL
	klode	n.masc/fem	clod, ball	ASD
	klæder	n.pl	clothes	TLL
	kläde	n.neut	cloth	ASD
	kläg/kleg	n	clay	ASD
Middle Swedish:	galle	n	gall, flaw, fault	ODE
Swedish:	kalv	n	calf (bovine)	TLL
	klippa	n.fem	cliff, rock	ASD
	klo	n	claw	TLL
	klot	n.neut	clod, rock, hill	ASD
	kläde	n.neut	cloth	ASD
	kläder	n.pl	clothes	TLL
	klädning	n	dress, clothing	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	inkilþo	adj	with child	LRC
	*kalbo	n.fem	calf (bovine)	GED
Italic
Latin:	agglutino, agglutinare, agglutinavi, agglutinatus	vb	to glue to	W7
	conglutino, conglutinare, conglutinavi, conglutinatus	vb	to glue together	W7
	galla	n.fem	gall(nut)	IEW
	gleba	n.fem	clump of earth	GED
	globus	n.masc	globe, heap	GED
	gluten	n.neut	glue	W7
	glutino, glutinare	vb	to glue	W7
	glutinosus	adj	having consistency of glue	W7
Late Latin:	glus, glutis	n.fem	glue	W7
New Latin:	neuroglia	n.fem	supporting tissue intermingled with the essential elements of nervous tissue	W7
	zooglea	n.fem	gelatinous mass of bacteria growing fluid	W7
Spanish:	galla	n	gall(nut)	ODE
Old French:	galle	n	gall(nut)	ODE
	galler	vb	to gall, rub, scratch	ODE
Middle French:	globe	n	globe	W7
	glu	n.fem	glue	W7
	glutineux	adj	glutinous	W7
Italian:	gala	n	gall(nut)	ODE
Baltic
Lithuanian:	élnis	n	deer	GED
	glebti	vb	to embrace, surround	GED
Slavic
Polish:	glaz	n	rock	RPN
Russian:	glaz	n	stone	RPN
	glei	n	clay	W7
Hellenic
Greek:	élaphos	n	deer	GED
Late Greek:	glia	n.fem	glue	W7
	gloios	n.masc	glue	W7
Medieval Greek:	gloea	n.fem	glue	W7
Armenian
Armenian:	eln	n	hind	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
dat	=	dative (case)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
pres	=	present (tense)
ptc	=	participle
sg	=	singular (number)
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
KEW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
ODE	=	C.T. Onions: The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (1966)
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W2I	=	Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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