The University of Texas at Austin; College of Liberal Arts

Hans C. Boas, Director :: PCL 5.556, 1 University Station S5490 :: Austin, TX 78712 :: 512-471-4566

Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 2. genu-, fem., genudh- : gonudh- 'chin, jaw(bone)'

Semantic Fields: Chin; Jaw; Bone

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	gi(u)n	n	mouth	GED/RPN
Breton:	genaw	n	mouth	RPN
	gén	n	cheek	RPN
	génu	n	mouth	RPN
Welsh:	gen	n	chin, jaw, cheek	GED/RPN
	genau	n	mouth	RPN
English
Old English:	cin(n)/cyn	n.fem	chin	GED/RPN
Middle English:	chin	n	chin	W7
English:	agnathan	n	jawless vertebrate	AHD
	chaetognath	n	small free-swimming marine worm	AHD/W7
	chin	n	lower portion of face, below lower lip, incl. lower jaw	AHD/W7
	genial	adj	re: chin	AHD/W7
	gnathal	adj	gnathic	AHD
	gnathic	adj	re: jaw	AHD/W7
	-gnathous	adj.sfx	re: having a jaw	AHD/W7
	Hanuman	prop.n	monkey-god (Hindu mythology)	AHD
	hanuman	n	small S Asian monkey	AHD
	opisthognathous	adj	having retreating jaws	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	kin(n)/ken	n	chin	GED/ASD
Dutch:	kin	n.fem	chin	ASD
Old Saxon:	kinni	n.fem	chin, jaw	GED/RPN
Old High German:	chinne	n.str.neut	chin, jaw	GED
	kinni	n.neut	chin, jaw	RPN/ASD
Middle High German:	kinn	n.neut	chin	ASD
German:	Kinn	n.neut	chin	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	kinn	n	cheek	RPN
Old Icelandic:	kinn	n.fem	cheek	GED
Icelandic:	kinn	n.fem	chin	ASD
Danish:	kind	n.masc/fem	chin	ASD
Swedish:	kind	n.fem	chin	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	*kinnus	n.fem	cheek	GED/RPN
Italic
Latin:	gena, genae	n.fem	chin, jaw, cheek	GED/RPN
	genuinus	n	molar (tooth)	GED
New Latin:	-gnathus	sfx	of the jaw	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	zándas	n	jaw	GED/RPN
Latvian:	zuôds	n	chin, jaw; sharp edge	GED/RPN
Hellenic
Greek:	geneiás	n.fem	beard	GED
	geneion	n.neut	chin, face where covered by beard	GED
	génus	n.fem	chin, cheek, jaw	GED/RPN
	gnathmós	n.masc	jaw	GED
	gnáthos	n.fem	(lower) jaw	GED/RPN
Armenian
Armenian:	cnaut	n	chin, jaw, cheek	GED/RPN
Iranian
Avestan:	zanu-	n	chin, jaw	RPN
Indic
Sanskrit:	hánuh	n	jaw, chin, cheek	RPN
Hindi:	Hanuman	prop.n	Hanuman	AHD
Tocharian
Tocharian A:	sanwem	n.fem.du	(two) jaws	GED/RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
du	=	dual (number)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prop	=	proper
sfx	=	suffix
str	=	strong (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

Nearby etyma: previous | next