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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. ger-, gere- 'to cram, collect, put together'

Semantic Fields: to Gather, Collect; to Join, Unite

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Welsh:	gre	n	herd	RPN
English
Old English:	crammian	vb	to cram, stuff	RPN
Middle English:	aggregat	adj	aggregate	W7
	allegorie	n	allegory	W7
	congregaten	vb	to congregate	W7
	crammen	vb	to cram	W7
English:	aggregate	adj	formed into mass/body/amount by collection of units/particles	AHD/W7
	agora	n	assembly, marketplace, gathering place	AHD/W7
	agoraphobia	n	abnormal fear of crossing/being in open spaces	AHD/W7
	allegory	n	expression of truths/generalizations via symbolic fictional figures/actions	AHD/W7
	category	n	general class to which something belongs	AHD/W7
	congregate	vb	to assemble, collect into group/crowd	AHD/W7
	cram	vb	to jam, pack tight	AHD/W7
	egregious	adj	distinguished	AHD/W7
	gregarious	adj	social, associating with others	AHD/W7
	panegyric	n	eulogistic oration/writing	AHD/W7
	segregate	vb	to isolate, separate/set apart from others/general mass	AHD/W7
N-Germanic
Old Icelandic:	kremja	vb	to squeeze (esp. berries)	RPN
Italic
Latin:	aggrego, aggregare, aggregavi, aggregatus	vb	to add to, gather together	W7
	allegoria	n.fem	allegory	W7
	congrego, congregare, congregavi, congregatus	vb	to collect into a flock	W7
	egregius	adj	remarkable, illustrious	W7
	gregarius	adj	re: group/herd	W7
	grex, gregis	n.masc	flock, group, herd	RPN
	panegyricus	n.masc	praise, laudatory song/speech	W7
	segrego, segregare, segregavi, segregatus	vb	to cast apart	W7
Late Latin:	categoria	n.fem	category	W7
New Latin:	agoraphobia	n.fem	fear of crowds	W7
Baltic
Latvian:	gùrste	n	bundle of flax	RPN
Slavic
Polish:	garnac	vb	to gather	RPN
Russian:	gorst´	n	cupped hand	RPN
Ukrainian:	(pry)hortáty	vb	to clasp	RPN
Hellenic
Greek:	ageírô	vb	to gather, collect	RPN
	agora	n.fem	agora, public place	W7
	agorein	vb	to speak publicly	W7
	agyris	n.fem	assembly	W7
	allegorein	vb	to speak figuratively	W7
	allegoria	n	figurative speech	W7
	kategorein	vb	to accuse, affirm, predicate	W7
	kategoria	n.fem	affirmation, category	W7
	panegyrikos	n.masc	praise, laudative song or speech	W7
	panegyris	n.fem	festival assembly	W7
Indic
Sanskrit:	grama-h	n	heap, crowd, community	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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