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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: glag-, or glak- 'milk'

Semantic Field: Milk

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Middle English:	galaxias/galaxie	n	galaxy	W7
	letuse	n	lettuce	W7
English:	agalactia	n	non-secretion of breast milk after birth	AHD
	galactic	adj	re: galaxy	AHD
	galacto-	pfx	galactic	AHD
	galaxy	n	Milky Way (our galaxy)	AHD/W7
	lactate	vb.intrans	to secrete milk	AHD/W7
	lacteal	adj	producing/resembling/consisting of milk	AHD/W7
	lactescent	adj	becoming/appearing milky	AHD/W7
	lettuce	n	leafy food vegetable	AHD/W7
	polygala	n	milkwort	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
German:	Galaxie	n.fem	galaxy	LRC
Italic
Latin:	lac, lactis	n.neut	milk	LRC
	lactescens, lactescentis	adj/vb.ptc	giving milk, turning into milk	W7
	lactesco, lactescere	vb	to turn into milk	W7
	lacteus	adj	of milk	W7
	lacto, lactare, latavi, lactatus	vb	to give milk	W7
	lactuca	n.fem	lettuce	W7
	polygala	n.fem	polygala	W7
Late Latin:	galaxias	adj	milky	W7
New Latin:	Polygala	n.fem	milkwort genus	W7
Portuguese:	leite	n	milk	TLL
Spanish:	leche	n	milk	TLL
Old French:	laitue	n.fem	lettuce	W7
French:	lait	n	milk	TLL
Italian:	latte	n	milk	TLL
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	gála, gálaktos	n.neut	milk	RPN/LS
Greek:	agalaktia	n	agalactia	AHD
	galaxias	adj	milky	W7
Anatolian
Hittite:	galaktar/kalaktar	n.nom/acc.sg	balm, nutriment, soothing substance	RPN
	gala(n)k-/kala(n)k-	vb	to soothe, satisfy	RPN
Nuristani
Bashgali:	zu	n	milk	EIE
Ashkunu:	zo	n	milk	EIE
Tregami:	dzor	n	milk	EIE
Waigali:	zor	n	milk	EIE
Indic
Sanskrit:	jálasa-h	adj	healing, appeasing	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
acc	=	accusative (case)
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
nom	=	nominative (case)
pfx	=	prefix
ptc	=	participle
sg	=	singular (number)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
EIE	=	J.P. Mallory and D.Q. Adams, eds. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture (1997)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
LS	=	Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev.
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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