The University of Texas at Austin; College of Liberal Arts

Hans C. Boas, Director :: PCL 5.556, 1 University Station S5490 :: Austin, TX 78712 :: 512-471-4566

Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: gleubh- 'to cut, cleave, pare, slice'

Semantic Fields: to Cut; to Divide

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	cleofan, cleaf, clufon, clofen	vb.str	to cleave	W7
	clufu	n	clove	W7
	geclyft	n	cleft	W7
Middle English:	cleft/clift	n	cleft	W7
	cleven	vb	to cleave	W7
	cliver	adj	clever	W7
	clove	n	clove	W7
English:	anaglyph	n	chased/embossed/sculptured ornament in low relief	AHD/W7
	cleave, clove/cleft, cloven/cleft	vb.str/wk	to split/divide via cutting blow	AHD/W7
	cleft	adj	(partially) split/divided	AHD/W7
	cleft	n	fissure, space/opening made by splitting	AHD/W7
	clever	adj	showing physical skill/dexterity/resourcefulness	AHD/W7
	clevi	n	clevis	AHD/W7
	clevis	n	metal shackle with end drilled to receive pin/bolt	AHD/W7
	clove	n	small section of separable bulb (e.g. garlic)	AHD/W7
	glume	n	chaffy bract	AHD/W7
	glyph	n	ornamental vertical groove in Doric frieze	AHD/W7
	glyptic	n	art/process of carving/engraving	AHD/W7
	hieroglyphic	adj	re: system of writing in pictorial characters	AHD/W7
	kloof	n	deep ravine	AHD
W-Germanic
Middle Dutch:	clove	n	cleft	AHD
Dutch:	klieven/klooven	vb	to cleave	ASD
	kloof	n	kloof, cleft	AHD
Afrikaans:	kloof	n	kloof	AHD
Old Saxon:	klioban	vb	to cleave	ASD
Old High German:	kliuban	vb	to cleave	ASD
Middle High German:	klieben/kliuben	vb	to cleave	ASD
German:	klieben	vb	to cleave	ASD
	Kluft	n.fem	cleft	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	kljufa	vb	to cleave	W7
Icelandic:	kljufa	vb	to cleave	ASD
Danish:	klöve	vb	to cleave	ASD
Swedish:	klyfva	vb	to cleave	ASD
Italic
Latin:	glubo, glubere	vb	to peel	W7
	gluma	n.fem	hull, husk	W7
Late Latin:	anaglyphus	adj	embossed	W7
Middle French:	hiéroglyphique	adj	of the hieroglyphs	W7
French:	glyptique	n.fem	glyptic, study of engravures on fine stones	W7/R1
Hellenic
Greek:	anaglyphein	vb	to emboss	W7
	anaglyphos	adj	embossed	W7
	glyptike	n.fem	glyptic	W7
	glyphein	vb	to carve	W7
	glyphe	n.fem	carved work	W7
	hieroglyphikos	adj	re: hieroglyphs, sacred script	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
n	=	noun
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
R1	=	Josette Rey-Debove and Alain Rey, eds. Le Nouveau Petit Robert (1993)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

Nearby etyma: previous | next