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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: ghabh- 'to take, grab, seize'

Semantic Field: to Grasp, Seize, Take Hold of

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	ga(i)bid	vb	to take, seize	GED/RPN
English
Old English:	æt-geofa/æt-gi(e)fa	n.masc	food-giver	ASD
	forgifan, forgeaf, forgeafon, forgiefen	vb.str.V	to give, grant	LRC
	gafol/gafel/gaful	n.neut	gavel	W7/ASD
	gi(e)fan/geofan/giofan/gyfan	vb.str.V	to give	GED/RPN/ASD
	giefu	n.str.fem	gift, favor; (name for) R-rune	LRC
Middle English:	able	adj	able	W7
	bitakle	n	binnacle	W7
	debentur	n	debenture	W7
	debte, dette	n	debt	W7
	dever	n	duty	W7
	devoir	n	devoir	W7
	due	adj	due	W7
	duete	n	duty	W7
	endeveren	vb	to exert oneself	W7
	enhabiten	vb	to inhabit	W7
	exhibiten	vb	to exhibit	W7
	forgiven	vb	to forgive	W7
	gavel	n	gavel	W7
	gift	n	gift	W7
	given	vb	to give	W7
	habit	n	habit	W7
	inhibiten	vb	to inhibit	W7
	maladie	n	malady	W7
	prebende	n	prebend	W7
	prohibiten	vb	to prohibit	W7
	provender	n	provender	W7
English:	able	adj	having sufficient skill/power/resources to accomplish goal	AHD/W7
	binnacle	n	box/case/stand containing ship's lamp/compass	AHD/W7
	cohabit	vb.intrans	to live together like husband/wife	AHD/W7
	debenture	n	writing/certificate signed by public official as evidence of debt/rights to monetary sum	AHD/W7
	debit	n	record of indebtedness	AHD/W7
	debt	n	sin, trespass	AHD/W7
	devoir	n	duty, responsibility	AHD/W7
	due	adj	owed/owing as debt	AHD/W7
	duty	n	respect, conduct due to parents/superiors	AHD/W7
	endeavor	vb	to strive to reach/achieve	AHD/W7
	exhibit	vb	to present to view	AHD/W7
	forgive, forgave, forgiven	vb.str	to pardon, cease to feel resentment	AHD/W7
	gavel	n	rent/tribute in ancient/medieval England	AHD/W7
	gift	n	notable talent/capacity	AHD/W7
	give, gave, given	vb.str	to make present of	AHD/W7
	habile	adj	able, skillful	AHD/W7
	habit	n	clothing	AHD/W7
	habitable	adj	suitable for living in/on	AHD
	habitant	n	inhabitant	AHD
	habitat	n	place/site where plant/animal normally/naturally lives/grows	AHD/W7
	inhabit	vb	to live in, occupy as habitat/place of residence	AHD/W7
	inhabitant	n	one who inhabits (a place)	AHD
	inhibit	vb	to forbid/prohibit from doing	AHD/W7
	malady	n	bodily disease/disorder of animal	AHD/W7
	prebend	n	endowment held by cathedral/collegiate church for maintenance	AHD/W7
	prohibit	vb.trans	to enjoin, forbid by authority	AHD/W7
	provender	n	feed, dry food for cattle/horses	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	geva/jeva	vb.str	to give	GED/RPN/ASD
	geve	n.str.fem	gift	GED
Dutch:	geven	vb	to give	LRC
Old Saxon:	geba	n.str.fem	gift	GED
	geban	vb.str	to give	GED/RPN
Old High German:	geba	n.str.fem	gift	GED/RPN
	geban	vb.str	to give	GED/RPN
Middle High German:	gæbe	n	welcome	GED
German:	Gabe	n.fem	gift	LRC
	geben	vb	to give	LRC
N-Germanic
Runic:	*gebo	n	gift; (name for) G-rune	LRC
	gibu	vb.1.sg	I give	GED/RPN
Old Norse:	gefa	vb.str	to give	LRC
	gift	n	gift	W7
Old Icelandic:	gjof	n.str.fem	gift	GED
	gæfa	n.fem	luck	GED
	gæfr	adj	pleasant	GED
Icelandic:	gefa	vb	to give	ASD
Danish:	give	vb	to give	LRC
Old Swedish:	giva	vb	to give	W7
Swedish:	giva	vb	to give	LRC
E-Germanic
Gothic:	fra-giban	vb.str.V	to give, bestow	LRC
	*fra-gifts	n	betrothal, presentation	RPN
	gabei	n.fem	riches	GED/RPN
	giban	vb.str.V	to give, yield	LRC
	us-giban	vb.str.V	to repay, present	LRC
Italic
Umbrian:	habe	vb	to take, receive, have	RPN
Latin:	debeo, debere, debui, debitus	vb	to owe, have the duty of	W7
	debitum	n.neut	debt, thing due	W7
	exhibeo, exhibere, exhibui, exhibitus	vb	to show openly	W7
	habeo, habere, habui, habitum	vb	to have, hold	GED/RPN
	habilis, habilis, habile	adj	apt, fit, handy, skillful	W7
	habitaculum	n.neut	dwelling place	W7
	habito, habitare	vb	to dwell	W7
	habitus, habitus	n.masc	condition, character	W7
	inhabito, inhabitare	vb	to inhabit	W7
	inhibeo, inhibere, inhibui, inhibitus	vb	to hold back	W7
	praebendus	vb.ger.masc	things to be granted	W7
	praebeo, praebere, praebui, praebitus	vb	to offer, provide	LRC
	prohibeo, prohibere, prohibui, prohibitus	vb	to inhibit, hold away	W7
Vulgar Latin:	debita	n.fem	debt	W7
Late Latin:	cohabito, cohabitare	vb	to inhabit in common	W7
	praebenda	n.fem	subsistence allowance granted by the state	W7
Medieval Latin:	praebenda	n.fem	prebend	W7
	provenda	n.fem	food for domestic animals	W7
Old Portuguese:	bitácola	n.fem	dwelling place	W7
Portuguese:	haver	vb	to have	TLL
Old Spanish:	bitácula	n.fem	dwelling place	W7
Spanish:	gabela	n	tax, tribute	ASD
	haber	vb	to have	TLL
Old French:	dette	n.fem	something owed	W7
	deveir, devoir	vb	to owe, be obliged	W7
	habit	n.masc	clothing	W7
	malade	adj	sick	W7
	maladie	n.fem	sickness	W7
Anglo-French:	dueté	n.fem	duty	W7
Middle French:	able	adj	apt	W7
	deu	vb.ptc	owed	W7
	devoir	vb	to owe	W7
	enhabiter	vb	to inhabit	W7
	prébende	n.fem	stipend of a clergyman	W7
	provende	n.fem	abundance	W7
	provendre	vb	to give to	W7
French:	avoir	vb	to have	TLL
	gabelle	n	tax, tribute	ASD
	habile	adj	skillful, clever	W7
Italian:	avere	vb	to have	TLL
	gabella	n	tax, tribute	ASD
Baltic
Lithuanian:	gãbana	n	armful (of hay)	GED/RPN
	gabanà	n	armful	GED/RPN
	gabenù, gabénti	vb	to take away	GED
Iranian
Khotanese:	ggostä	n	handful	RPN
Indic
Sanskrit:	gábhasti-h	n	arm, hand	GED/RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
1	=	1st person
V	=	class 5
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
ger	=	gerund(ive)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
ptc	=	participle
sg	=	singular (number)
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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