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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. ghe-, ghei- 'to lack, be empty; leave, go out'

Semantic Fields: Empty; to Leave, Relinquish

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	agan	vb	to go	W7
	ancra	n.masc	hermit, anchorite	ASD
	forgan	vb	to pass by, forgo	W7
	gad/gæd	n.str.neut	lack, want	GED
	gæsne/gesne/gesine	adj	barren, wanting, deprived of	RPN/ASD
	gan	vb.anom	to go, walk, move	IEW
Middle English:	ago	adj/adv	ago	W7
	agon	vb	to pass away	W7
	aire	n	heir	MEV
	algate	adv	in all ways, at any rate	MEV
	algatis	adv	continually	MEV
	anchorite, ancres	n	anchorite(s)	W7/MEV
	enheriten	vb	to inherit, make heir	W7
	forgon	vb.anom	to forgo	W7
	gait	n	gait	W7
	gangrel	adj/n	vagrant; vagabond	OED
	gate	n	gate	W7
	gon	vb.anom	to go	W7
	heir	n	heir	W7
	heritage	n	heritage	W7
English:	ago	adj/adv	gone by, before present time	AHD/W7
	anchorite	n	religious recluse, one who lives alone	AHD/W7
	-chore	n.sfx	plant distributed by some agency	AHD/W7
	choripetalous	adj	polypetalous	AHD/W7
	chorography	n	art of mapping/describing region/district	AHD/W7
	forego	vb.anom	to precede, go before	AHD/W7
	forgo	vb.anom.trans	to forsake	AHD/W7
	gait	n	manner of walking/moving on foot	AHD/W7
	gangrel	adj/n	term re: Gollum in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	gate	n.arch	way, path	AHD/W7
	ga(u)ntlet	n	double file of armed men striking person running between	AHD/W7
	go, gone	vb.anom	to proceed, move on course	AHD/W7
	heir	n	one entitled to inherit property	AHD/W7
	hereditament	n	heritable property	AHD/W7
	heredity	n	inheritance	AHD/W7
	heritage	n	property that descends to heir	AHD/W7
	inherit	vb	to receive, come into possession of	AHD/W7
Scots English:	gangrel	n	drifter, vagabond	AHD
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	gad	n	need	GED
	gan	vb	to go	IEW
Frisian:	gean	vb	to go	ASD
Dutch:	gaan	vb	to go	ASD
Old Saxon:	gan/gen	vb	to go	GED
	meti-ged(e)ono	n.gen.pl	of famines	GED
Low German:	ga(a)n/gaen	vb	to go	ASD
Old High German:	gan/gen	vb	to go	RPN/GED
	gaza	n.fem	street	ASD
	gazza	n	gate, road	W7
Middle High German:	gan/gen	vb	to go	ASD
	gazze	n.fem	gate, narrow road	ASD
German:	Gasse	n.fem	gate, thoroughfare, narrow road	ASD
	gehen	vb.str	to go, walk	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	gata	n	gate, road	W7
Old Icelandic:	ga	vb	to go	GED
Icelandic:	gata	n.fem	gate	ASD
Old Danish:	ga	vb	to go	IEW
Danish:	gaa/gaæ	vb	to go	GED/ASD
Old Swedish:	ga	vb	to go	IEW
Swedish:	gata	n.fem	street	ASD
	gå	vb	to go	GED
E-Germanic
Gothic:	gaidw	n.neut	lack, want	GED/RPN
	gatwo	n.fem	street	ASD
Crimean Gothic:	geen	vb	to go	IEW
Italic
Latin:	chorographia	n.fem	chorography	W7
	hereditas, hereditatis	n.fem	heredity	W7
	heres, heredis	n.masc/fem	heir(ess)	GED/RPN
Late Latin:	anchoreta	n	anchorite	AHD
	heredito, hereditare	vb	to inherit	W7
	inheredito, inhereditare	vb	to inherit	W7
Medieval Latin:	anchorita	n	anchorite	AHD
	hereditamentum	n.neut	hereditament	W7
Old French:	(h)eir	n	heir	MEV
Middle French:	enheriter	vb	to make heir	W7
	heredité	n.fem	heredity	W7
	heritage	n.masc	heritage, heirloom	W7
	heriter	vb	to inherit	W7
Hellenic
Ionic:	chêrê	adj/n	bereft of husband; widow	RPN
Attic:	kigchánô	vb	to reach, meet with, arrive at	RPN
	chatéô	vb	to crave, have need of, lack	RPN
	chatízô	vb	to crave, have need of, lack	RPN
	chatízôn	n	poor needy person	RPN
	chêra	adj/n	bereft of husband; widow	RPN
	chêros	adj	widowed, bereaved	RPN
	chêtei	adv.dat	in lack of	RPN
	chôréô	vb	to make room for another	RPN
	chôros	n	place, (piece of) ground	RPN
Greek:	anachorein	vb	to withdraw	W7
	kichanein	vb	to reach, attain	W7
	kichêmenai	vb	to find	GED
	châtéô	vb	to lack, crave, long for	GED
	chêra	n	widow	GED
	chêros	adj	bereaved, deprived of	GED
	chôra	n.fem	land, country; space, room	GED
	chorein	vb	to go, withdraw	W7
	chôrízô	vb	to separate	LRC
	chôrís	prep	apart	LRC
	choros	n.masc	place	W7
Late Greek:	anachoretes	n.masc	person who retires from the world	W7
Iranian
Avestan:	za-zami	vb	to release	GED/RPN
Indic
Sanskrit:	já-hati	vb	to leave, abandon	GED/RPN
	hanis	n.fem	loss, abandonment, deprivation	GED/RPN
	hapayati	vb.caus	to cause to leave; to be wanting	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
anom	=	anomalous/indeclinable
arch	=	archaic
caus	=	causative
dat	=	dative (case)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
gen	=	genitive (case)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
prep	=	preposition
sfx	=	suffix
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
MEV	=	J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922)
OED	=	James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933)
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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