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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: ghel-to, Germanic and ghel-dho Slavic 'to cost, pay, be worth'

Semantic Fields: Cost, Expense; to Pay

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	g(i)eld/gild/gyld	n.neut	geld, tribute, service	W7/ASD
	gieldan, geald, guldon, golden	vb.str.III	to yield, pay	LRC
Middle English:	gilde	n	guild	W7
	yielden	vb	to yield	W7
English:	Danegeld	prop.n	English tax for forces opposing Danes	AHD/CDC
	geld	n	(tax) payment to king	AHD/W7
	gelt	n	money	AHD/W7
	guild	n	association with kindred pursuits/common aims/interests	AHD/W7
	wergeld/weregild	n	recompense, rank-based price set on person's life	AHD/OED
	yield	vb	to reward, recompense	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	jeld	n.neut	geld, tribute, service	ASD
Dutch:	geld	n	geld, money	W7
Old Saxon:	geld	n.neut	geld, tribute, service	ASD
Old High German:	gelt	n.neut	geld, tribute, service	ASD
	geltan	vb	to yield, pay	W7
German:	Geld	n.neut	geld, money	W7
	gelten	vb	to yield, count, apply, be valid	LRC
Yiddish:	gelt	n	geld, money	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	gildi	n.neut	guild; geld, tribute, recompense	LRC
	gjald	n.neut	geld	LRC
	gjalda	vb	to yield, (re)pay, redeem, requite	LRC
Icelandic:	gildi/gjald	n.neut	geld, tribute, service	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	gild	n.neut	geld, tribute, service	ASD

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
III	=	class 3
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prop	=	proper
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
OED	=	James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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