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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: ghengh- 'to step, stride, march'

Semantic Field: to Walk

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	gan(c)gan/gongan	vb.str	to go	GED/ASD
	gang/geng/gong/gung	n.masc	gang, course, activity	GED/ASD
	gengan	vb	to set out	GED
	gongan, geong, geongon, gongen	vb.str.VII	to go, walk	LRC
Middle English:	gang	n	gang	W7
English:	gang	n	way, path, journey	AHD/W7
	gangling	adj	spindly, lanky	AHD/W7
	gangue	n	worthless rock/vein where valuable metals/minerals are found	AHD/W7
	gangway	interj	step aside! leave clear passage!	W2I
	gangway	n	passageway	W7
Scots English:	gang	n	journey	ASD
	gang	vb	to go	ASD
	gangrel	n	vagrant, lanky person	W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	gong/gung	n.masc	gang, course, activity	GED/ASD
	gonga	vb	to go	GED
	gunga	vb	to go	GED
Dutch:	gang	n	gang, course	ASD
Old Saxon:	gang	n.str.masc	gang, course, activity	GED
	gangan	vb	to go	GED
Old High German:	gang	n.str.masc	gang, course, activity	GED
	gangan	vb	to go	GED
Middle High German:	ganc	n.masc	gang, course	ASD
	gangen	vb	to go	ASD
	gengen	vb	to set out	GED
	giht	n.str.fem	way, trip	GED
German:	Gang	n.masc	gang, course, vein of metal	W7/ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	ganga	vb	to go, walk, advance	LRC
	gátt	n.fem	door-opening	LRC
Old Icelandic:	ganga	vb	to go	GED
	gangr	n.masc	gang, course, activity	GED
	ga	vb	to go	GED
	gatt	n.fem	rabbet (of a doorsill)	GED
Icelandic:	ganga	vb	to go	LRC
Old Danish:	gunge	vb	to swing	GED
Danish:	gang	n.masc/fem	gang, course	ASD
	landgang	n	gangway	TLL
Swedish:	gång	n.masc	time	ASD
	gånga	vb	to go	ASD
	landgång	n	gangway	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	afar-gaggan	vb.str.VII	to accompany, go after	GED
	*af-gaggan	vb.str.VII	to go away	GED
	gaggan	vb.str.VII	to go, come	GED
	gaggs	n.masc	gang, course	ASD
Italic
French:	gangue	n.fem	gangue, matrix	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	ziñgsnis	n.masc	step, pace, stride	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	kîchánô/*kíchêmi	vb	to meet, reach, overtake	GED
	kochônê	n.fem	buttock(s), posterior	GED
Iranian
Avestan:	zanggum	n	ankle	GED
	zazaiti	vb	to return	GED
Ossetic:	zängä	n	knee	GED
Indic
Sanskrit:	jaghánas/jaghánam	n	buttock, pudenda	GED
	jángha	n	shank, lower leg	GED
	jáhati/jíhite	vb	to leave	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
VII	=	class 7
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
interj	=	interjection
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W2I	=	Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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