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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: ghesor-, ghesr- 'hand'

Semantic Field: Hand

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Middle English:	cirurgian	n	chirurgeon	W7
	surgien	n	surgeon	W7
English:	chirurgeon	n	surgeon	AHD/W7
	enchiridion	n	manual, handbook	AHD/W7
	imprest	vb.trans	to loan/advance (money)	AHD/W7
	press	n	impressment into service	W7
	press	vb	to impress, force into service	W7
	prest	vb.obs	to enlist by paying in advance	W7
	presto	adv	quickly, at once	AHD/W7
	surgeon	n	medical specialist practicing surgery	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
German:	Chirurg	n.masc	chirurgeon	LRC
	Chirurgie	n.fem	surgery	LRC
Italic
Latin:	praesto, praestare	vb	to pay/lend, provide, lit. stand before	W7
	praesto	adv	here, present, on hand	W7/CLD
	praestus	adj	ready	W7
Late Latin:	enchiridion	n.neut	handbook	W7
Old French:	cirurgie	n.fem	surgery	W7
	cirurgien	n.masc	surgeon	W7
Anglo-French:	surgien	n.masc	surgeon	W7
Italian:	imprestare	vb	to lend money	W7
	prèsto	adv	quickly	W7
Hellenic
Greek:	cheír	n.fem	hand	LRC
Anatolian
Cuneiform Luwian:	(i-)is-sa-ri-is	n	hand	RPN
Hieroglyphic Luwian:	istri	n.dat.sg	hand	RPN
Lycian:	izri-	n	hand	RPN
Hittite:	ki-es-sar	n	hand	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
dat	=	dative (case)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
obs	=	obsolete
sg	=	singular (number)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
CLD	=	Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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