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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: ghosti-s 'guest, stranger'

Semantic Fields: Guest; Stranger

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	gæst/gi(e)st/gest/gyst	n.masc	guest, stranger	ASD
Middle English:	gest	n	guest	W7
	hospital	n	hospital	W7
	hostage	n	hostage	W7
	host(e)	n	host; guest	W7
	hostel	n	hostel	W7
	hostler	n	hostler	W7
English:	axenic	adj	free of other living organisms	AHD/W7
	euxenite	n	brownish black mineral: oxide of calcium/cerium/tantalum/columbium/titanium/uranium	AHD/W7
	guest	n	one entertained in person's house	AHD/W7
	hospice	n	lodging for travelers/underprivileged/young persons, often maintained by religious order	AHD/W7
	hospitable	adj	re: cordial/generous reception of guests	AHD/W7
	hospital	n	charitable institution for.needy/aged/infirm/young	AHD/W7
	hospitality	n	hospitable treatment/reception/disposition	AHD/W7
	host	n	eucharistic bread	AHD/W7
	host	n	army	AHD/W7
	hostage	n	person kept as pledge pending fulfillment of agreement	AHD/W7
	hostel	n	inn	AHD/W7
	hostile	adj	re: enemy	AHD/W7
	hostler	n	one who cares for horses/mules	AHD/W7
	hotel	n	inn, travel-lodging	TLL
	pyroxene	n	silicate mineral containing iron/calcium/sodium/aluminum/magnesium	AHD/W7
	xenia	n	effect of genes in male nucleus on non-embryonic structures	AHD/W7
	xen(o)-	pfx	strange, foreign, alien	AHD/W7
	xenon	n	heavy colorless inert gas	AHD/W7
	xenopus	n	aquatic tongueless clawed frog	AHD
W-Germanic
Dutch:	gast	n.masc	guest, stranger	ASD
Old Saxon:	gast	n.masc	guest, stranger	ASD
Low German:	gast	n.masc	guest, stranger	ASD
Old High German:	gast	n.masc	guest, enemy	RPN/ASD
Middle High German:	gast	n.masc	guest, stranger	ASD
German:	Euxenit	n	euxenite	W7
	Gast	n.masc	guest, stranger	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	gestr	n.masc	guest	LRC
Icelandic:	gestr	n.masc	guest, stranger	ASD
Danish:	giest	n.masc/fem	guest, stranger	ASD
Swedish:	gäst	n.masc	guest, stranger	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	gasts	n	guest, stranger	RPN
Italic
Venetic:	*hosti-	n	stranger	RPN
Latin:	hospes, hospitis	n.masc	guest, host	W7
	hospitale	n.neut	guest room	W7
	hospitalis	adj	re: guest	W7
	hospitium, hospitii	n.neut	hospitality; guest house	LRC
	hostia	n.fem	sacrificial victim	W7
	hostilis	adj	hostile	W7
	hostis, hostis	n.masc	guest, stranger; host, enemy	RPN
Late Latin:	hospitale	n.neut	hospice	W7
	hostia	n.fem	Eucharist, sacrificial victim	W7
Medieval Latin:	hospitale	n.neut	hospital, convent of the Hospitalers	W7
New Latin:	xenia	n.fem	xenia	W7
Old French:	hospital	n.masc	hospital	W7
	host	n.masc	host, enemy	W7
	hostage	n.masc	hostage	W7
	hoste	n.masc	host, guest	W7
	hostel	n.masc	inn	W7
Middle French:	hoiste	n.fem	host, Eucharist	W7
	hostile	adj	hostile	W7
French:	hôpital	n	hospital	TLL
	hospice	n.masc	hospice, hospital	W7
	hôtel	n	hotel, mansion	TLL
	pyroxène	n.masc	pyroxene	W7
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	gospodi'	n.masc	lord, master	LRC
	gospodi'n'i'	adj	lord's	LRC
	gosti'	n	guest	RPN
Albanian
Albanian:	huaj	adj	foreign	IEW
Hellenic
Greek:	euxenos	adj	hospitable	W7
	xenon, xenia	n.neut	hospitality gift(s)	W7
	xenos	n.masc	guest, foreigner; host	W7
	Xenophôn	n.masc	Xenophon	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pfx	=	prefix

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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