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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: 1. ghrebh-, gherbh-, root extension ghrebha- 'to grab, grasp'

Semantic Field: to Grasp, Seize, Take Hold of

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	(ge-)græppian	vb	to grapple	IEW/ASD
Middle English:	graspen	vb	to grasp	W7
English:	grab	vb	to snatch, clutch	AHD/W7
	grabble	vb	to grope, search with hand	IEW
	grapple	vb	to seize, hold fast	IEW
	grasp	vb	to clutch, make motion of seizing	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	grova	vb	to grovel	GED
Low German:	grabben	vb	to grab	W7
Old High German:	garba	n.str/wk.fem	sheaf	GED
Middle High German:	grapen	vb	to grope	GED
German:	grapsen	vb	to grasp	GED
N-Germanic
Old Icelandic:	grufla	vb	to grovel	GED
Norwegian:	gruvla	vb	to grovel	GED
Swedish:	grabba	vb	to grab	GED
Baltic
Lithuanian:	grabineti	vb	to seize here and there	GED
	grabùs	adj	dexterous	GED
	grõbis	n	booty	GED
	gróbiu	vb	to seize forcefully	GED
	gróbti	vb	to seize forcefully	GED
Latvian:	grâbt	vb	to seize, rake	GED
Iranian
Old Persian:	ag(a)rbaya	vb.pret	seized	GED
Avestan:	guruwnaiti	vb	to seize	GED
Indic
Sanskrit:	grbhnati	vb	to seize	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
n	=	noun
pret	=	preterite (tense)
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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