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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 2. ghrem- 'to grumble; resound, thunder'

Semantic Field: Noise, Thunder

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	gram/grom	adj	cruel, fierce; wroth, angry, inimical	GED/ASD
	grama	n	rage, wrath, fury, anger, trouble	ASD
	gremian/gremman	vb.wk	to vex, provoke, irritate, make grim	GED
	grim(m)	adj	grim	GED/W7
	grymetan/grimet(i)an	vb.wk	to grunt, rave, roar, bellow	ASD/GED
Middle English:	grim	adj	grim	W7
English:	Gram	prop.n	8th Rohan king in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	grim	adj	fierce, angry, savage	AHD/W7
	grimace	n	facial expression of disgust/disapproval	AHD/W7
	Grimbeorn	prop.n	Beorn's son in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Grimbold	prop.n	Rohan marshal in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Grimslade	prop.n	Grimbold's home in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	grumble	vb	to mutter in discontent	AHD/W7
	Herugrim	prop.n	Theoden's sword in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Isengrim	prop.n	hobbit name in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	pogrom	n	organized devastation, massacre of helpless people	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	grim(m)	adj	grim	GED
Middle Dutch:	grommen	vb	to grunt	W7
Old Saxon:	gram	adj	wroth, angry, inimical	GED
	grim(m)	adj	grim	GED
Old High German:	gram	adj	wroth, angry, inimical	GED
	gramizzon	vb	to grunt, rave, roar, bellow	GED
	gremezi	n	wrath, anger, annoyance	GED
	gremian/gremman	vb.wk	to vex, provoke, irritate, make grim	ASD/GED
	grim(m)	adj	grim	GED/W7
Middle High German:	gram	adj	wroth, angry	ICE
German:	gram	adj	wroth, angry	ASD
	grämen	vb	to vex, provoke, irritate	ASD
	Grimasse	n.fem	grimace	LRC
	grimm	adj	grim	ASD
Yiddish:	pogrom	n	pogrom	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	gramr	n.masc	king, warrior	LRC
Old Icelandic:	gramir	n.pl	fiends, demons	ICE
	gramr	adj	wroth, angry, inimical	GED
	gremja	vb	to vex, provoke, irritate, make grim	GED
	grimmr	adj	grim	GED
Icelandic:	gramr	adj	wroth, angry	ASD
	gremja	vb	to vex, provoke, irritate	ASD
	grimmr	adj	grim	ASD
	gröm	n.pl	fiends, demons	ASD
Danish:	gram	adj	wroth, angry	ICE
	grum	adj	grim, cruel	GED
Old Swedish:	græmia	vb	to vex, provoke, irritate, make grim	GED
Swedish:	grym	adj	grim, cruel	GED
	grymta	vb	to grunt	GED
E-Germanic
Gothic:	*gramjan	vb.wk.I	to vex, provoke, irritate, make grim	GED
	*in-gramjan	vb.wk.I	to vex, provoke, irritate, make grim	GED
Italic
Middle French:	grimace	n.fem	grimace	W7
	grommeler	vb	to grunt	W7
French:	grimace	n.fem	grimace, wry face	W7
Baltic
Old Prussian:	grumins	n	thunder	GED
Lithuanian:	grameti	vb	to fall with a crash	GED
Latvian:	gremst	vb	to threaten	GED
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	gromu'	n	thunder	GED
	-gri'meti	n	thunder	GED
Russian:	pogrom	n	devastation	W7
Hellenic
Greek:	chromados	n.masc	action of gnashing	W7
	chrómos	n	noise, neighing	GED
Iranian
New Persian:	garam	n	anger	GED
Avestan:	granta-	vb.past.ptc	angered	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
I	=	class 1
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
past	=	past (tense)
pl	=	plural (number)
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
ICE	=	Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson: An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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