The University of Texas at Austin; College of Liberal Arts

Hans C. Boas, Director :: PCL 5.556, 1 University Station S5490 :: Austin, TX 78712 :: 512-471-4566

Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. g^uel- 'to stab; pain, death, quell'

Semantic Fields: to Press; Knife (tool); Pain, Suffering; to Die; Dead; Death

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	atbaill	vb	to die, perish	GED
Middle Welsh:	(a)ballu	vb	to die, perish	GED
English
Old English:	cwalu/cwælu	n.fem	violent death, slaughter, destruction	GED/ASD
	cwelan	vb.str	to die	GED
	cwellan	vb	to kill	W7
	cwyld-tid	n.str.neut	evening, time of rest
Middle English:	killen	vb	to kill	W7
	quell	n	quell	W7
	quellen	vb	to quell, kill	W7
	quille	n	quill	IEW
English:	belonephobia	n	trypanophobia, fear of pins/needles	AHD
	kill	vb	to deprive of life	AHD/W7
	quell	n	killing, slaughter	AHD/W7
	quell	vb.trans	to suppress, put down	AHD/W7
	quill	n	large feather; weaving spool	IEW
W-Germanic
Dutch:	kwaal	n	fatal illness	GED
	kwellen	vb	to vex	ASD
	quelen	vb	to die	ASD
Old Saxon:	qualu	n.str.fem	torment	GED
	quelan	vb	to die violently	ASD
	quellian	vb	to kill	ASD
Old High German:	cheli/queli	n	torment	GED
	chwilti-werk	n.str.neut	evening work	GED
	quala	n.fem	quell, torment, misery, suffering	GED
	quelan	vb.str.IV	to suffer	GED
	queljan	vb	to kill	ASD
	quellen	vb	to quell, kill, torture	W7
Middle High German:	quel(le)n/kellen	vb	to vex, press	ASD
German:	Qual	n.fem	quell, torment	LRC
	quälen	vb	to vex	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Icelandic:	kveld	n.str.neut	evening, time of rest
	kvol	n	suffering	GED
Icelandic:	kwelja	vb	to torment	ASD
Danish:	qwäle	vb	to quell, torture	ASD
Swedish:	kväll	n	evening	TLL
	qwälja	vb	to torment	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	*ana-qal	n	rest, quiet	GED
	*ana-qilan	vb	to die, go to rest	GED
Baltic
Old Prussian:	gallan	n	death	GED
Lithuanian:	gãlas	n.masc	end	GED
	gélti	vb	to prick	GED
	gelà	n	severe pain	GED
	gìltine	n	death	GED
Latvian:	galotne	n.fem	top, summit	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	zali'	n	pain	GED
	zelo	vb	to prick	GED
Hellenic
Greek:	belone	n.fem	needle	W7
Armenian
Armenian:	kelem	n	torture	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
IV	=	class 4
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

Nearby etyma: previous | next