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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: 2. g^uet- 'to speak, talk'

Semantic Field: to Speak, Talk

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	andcwis	n.fem	answer, response	AHD/ASD
	becweðan	vb	to say, assert, bequeath	W7/ASD
	cweðan, cwæð, cwædon, cweden	vb.str.V	to say, speak	LRC
	cwide	n.str	statement	GED
	ge-cweþan	vb.str	to speak	GED/ASD
	un-cwisse	adj	speechless	GED
Middle English:	bequest/biqueste	n	will, bequest	W7/MEV
	bequethen	vb	to bequeath	W7
	quethen, quoth	vb.str	to say, speak	W7
English:	bequeath	vb.trans	to give/leave by will	AHD/W7
	bequest	n	legacy, action of bequeathing	AHD/W7
	quittance	n	discharge from debt/obligation	W7
	quoth	vb.str.pret	said, spoke	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	quetha/queda/quan	vb.str	to say, speak	RPN/GED/ASD
Old Saxon:	gi-queðan	vb	to speak	GED
	queddian	vb.wk	to greet	GED
	queðan/quethan	vb.str	to say, speak	RPN/GED/ASD
	quiti	n.str	statement	GED
Old High German:	gi-quedan	vb	to speak	GED
	quedan	vb.str	to say, speak	RPN/GED
	quetten	vb.wk	to greet	GED
	quiti	n.str	statement	GED
Middle High German:	quiden/kiden	vb	to say, speak	ASD
German:	Quittung	n.fem	quittance, receipt	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	kveða	vb.str	to say, speak, utter, declare	GED
	kveðja	n.fem	greeting, salute	LRC
Old Icelandic:	kveðja	vb.wk	to greet, salute	GED
	kviðr	n.str	statement	GED
	sam-kvæðr	vb.ptc	agreeing	GED
	u-kvæði	adj	speechless	GED
Icelandic:	kweða	vb	to say, speak	ASD
Danish:	qwaede	vb	to say, speak	ASD
Swedish:	kwaeda	vb	to say, speak	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	*af-qiþan	vb.str.V	to renounce	LRC
	*ana-qiþan	vb.str.V	to blaspheme	LRC
	*fra-qiþan	vb.str.V	to curse	LRC
	ga-kwiþan	vb	to agree	ASD
	*miþ-qiþan	vb.str.V	to agree	LRC
	qiþan	vb.str.V	to say, speak	GED
	us-qiþan	vb.str.V	to speak out, spread the news	LRC
Armenian
Armenian:	koc	n	invitation	GED
	kocem	vb	to call, name	RPN
Iranian
Sogdian:	zam/zayem	vb	to say, speak	GED
Indic
Sanskrit:	gádati	vb	to say, speak	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
V	=	class 5
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
n	=	noun
pret	=	preterite (tense)
ptc	=	participle
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
MEV	=	J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922)
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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